tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-48205953377561870392024-03-06T02:54:44.274+01:00On Avi Sion's worksAbstracts and Tables of Contents of Avi Sion's published books on logic, philosophy and spirituality.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05289940617947981229noreply@blogger.comBlogger22125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4820595337756187039.post-30661579540274993702015-03-02T11:40:00.000+01:002018-03-22T16:44:14.919+01:00Introductory Summary for the "On Avi Sion's works" blog<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Avi Sion</b> is a logician-philosopher
(Ph. D.), an independent researcher and writer now residing in Switzerland.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The present blog at blogger.com, <b><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">avi-sion.blogspot.com</span></b>,
is meant to inform people on Avi Sion’s works, showing the <b>Abstracts and Tables of Contents</b> of his 21 published books on
logic, philosophy and spirituality. Each blog post details one of the books.
The present post provides an introductory summary. It lists the 21 books in the
order in which the posts have been published. <o:p></o:p></div>
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All of Avi Sion’s published books can be purchased at <a href="https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=sr_st_date-desc-rank?keywords=Avi+Sion&rh=n%3A283155%2Ck%3AAvi+Sion&qid=1521729709&sort=date-desc-rank" target="_blank">Amazon.com</a> (in paperback or kindle/.mobi form), and at <a href="http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/thelogicianbooks" target="_blank">Lulu.com</a> (in hardcover, paperback or e-book/.epub form), as well as other online stores.<o:p></o:p></div>
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They can also be read online free of charge, chapter by chapter, at <a href="http://www.thelogician.net/" target="_blank">www.TheLogician.net</a> and, in '3D flipbook' format, at <a href="http://www.avisionbooks.com/" target="_blank">www.AviSionBooks.com</a>, as well as in Google Books, the Internet Archive, and other sites on the web. They are also available in many university and public libraries.<o:p></o:p><br />
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Introductory Summary<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<b>Future Logic</b> is
an original and wide-ranging treatise of formal logic. It deals with
deduction and induction, of categorical and conditional propositions,
involving the natural, temporal, extensional, and logical modalities. This is
the first work ever to strictly formalize the inductive processes of
generalization and particularization, through the novel methods of factorial
analysis, factor selection and formula revision. This is the first work ever
to develop a formal logic of the natural, temporal and extensional types of
conditioning (as distinct from logical conditioning), including their
production from modal categorical premises.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Judaic logic </b>engages in a formal analysis of Biblical, Talmudic and Rabbinic logic. It is an original
inquiry into the forms of thought determining Jewish law and belief, from the
impartial perspective of a logician. Judaic Logic attempts to honestly
estimate the extent to which the logic employed within Judaism fits into the
general norms, and whether it has any contributions to make to them.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Buddhist Illogic </b>engages in a critical analysis of Nagarjuna's arguments. The 2nd Century CE Indian philosopher Nagarjuna founded the Madhyamika
(Middle Way) school of Mahayana Buddhism, which strongly influenced Chinese,
Korean and Japanese Buddhism, as well as Tibetan Buddhism. His writings
include a series of arguments purporting to show the illogic of logic, the
absurdity of reason. He considers this the way to verbalize and justify the
Buddhist doctrine of “emptiness” (Shunyata). The present essay demonstrates
the many sophistries involved in Nagarjuna’s arguments.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Phenomenology</b>
is the study of appearance as such. It is a branch of both Ontology and
Epistemology, since appearing is being known. By an ‘appearance’ is meant any
existent which impinges on consciousness, anything cognized, irrespective of
any judgment as to whether it be ‘real’ or ‘illusory.’ The evaluation of a
particular appearance as a reality or an illusion is a complex process,
involving inductive and deductive logical principles and activities. Opinion
has to earn the status of strict knowledge.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Volition and Allied
Causal Concepts</b> is a work of aetiology and metapsychology. Aetiology is
the branch of philosophy and logic devoted to the study of causality (the
cause-effect relation) in all its forms; and metapsychology is the study of
the basic concepts common to all psychological discourse, most of which are
causal. This is a work of ambitious scope, intent on finally resolving
philosophical and logical issues that have always impeded progress in
psychology.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Ruminations</b> is
a collection of sundry notes and essays on Logic. These complement and enrich
the author’s past writings, further analyzing or reviewing certain issues.
Some important new insights are included here, such as the inductive
understanding of negation.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Meditations</b>. A
meditation is a voluntary exercise intended to increase awareness, sustained
over some time. The main purpose of this book is to inspire and assist
readers to practice meditation of some sort, and in particular ‘sitting
meditation’.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Logical and
Spiritual Reflections</b> is a collection of six shorter philosophical works,
including: <i>Hume’s Problems with
Induction</i>; <i>A Short Critique of
Kant’s Unreason</i>; <i>In Defense of
Aristotle’s Laws of Thought</i>; <i>More
Meditations</i>; <i>Zen Judaism</i>; <i>No to Sodom</i>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>No to Sodom</b> is
an essay against homosexuality, using biological, psychological, spiritual,
ethical and political arguments.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Zen Judaism</b> is
a frank reflection on the tensions between reason and faith in today’s
context of knowledge, and on the need to inject Zen-like meditation into
Judaism. This work also treats some issues in ethics and theodicy.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>More Meditations</b>
is a sequel to the author’s earlier work, <i>Meditations</i>.
It proposes additional practical methods and theoretical insights relating to
meditation and Buddhism. It also discusses certain often glossed over issues
relating to Buddhism – notably, historicity, idolatry, messianism,
importation to the West.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>In Defense of
Aristotle’s Laws of Thought</b> addresses, from a phenomenological
standpoint, numerous modern and Buddhist objections and misconceptions
regarding the basic principles of Aristotelian logic.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>A Short Critique of
Kant’s Unreason</b> is a brief critical analysis of some of the salient
epistemological and ontological ideas and theses in Immanuel Kant’s famous
Critique of Pure Reason. It shows that Kant was in no position to criticize
reason, because he neither sufficiently understood its workings nor had the
logical tools needed for the task.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Hume’s Problems
with Induction</b> is intended to describe and refute some of the main doubts
and objections David Hume raised with regard to inductive reasoning. It
replaces the so-called problem of induction with a principle of induction.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>The Self</b> is an
inquiry into the concepts of self, soul, person, ego, consciousness, psyche
and mind – ranging over phenomenology, logic, epistemology, ontology,
psychology, spirituality, meditation, ethics and metaphysics. This book is a
thematic compilation drawn from past works by the author over a period of
eighteen years.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Ethics</b> is a
collection of thoughts on the method, form and content of Ethics. This book
is a thematic compilation drawn from past works by the author, over a period
of thirteen years.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">List
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<b>Theology</b> is
about God and Creation, or more precisely perhaps about our ideas of them,
how they are formed and somewhat justified, although it is stressed that they
can be neither proved nor disproved. This book is a thematic compilation
drawn from past works by the author over a period of thirteen years.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>The Logic of
Causation</b> is a treatise of formal logic and of aetiology. It is an
original and wide-ranging investigation of the definition of causation
(deterministic causality) in all its forms, and of the deduction and
induction of such forms. The work was carried out in three phases over a
dozen years (1998-2010), each phase introducing more sophisticated methods
than the previous to solve outstanding problems.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Logical Philosophy </b>is
a compendium of five works by Avi Sion published in 2002-06, namely: <i>Phenomenology</i> (2003), <i>Volition and Allied Causal Concepts</i>
(2004), <i>Meditations</i> (2006), <i>Ruminations</i> (2005), and <i>Buddhist Illogic</i> (2002). These works
together define what may be termed ‘Logical Philosophy’, i.e. philosophical
discourse distinguished by its steadfast reliance on inductive and deductive
logic to resolve epistemological and ontological issues.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>The Laws of Thought</b>
is an exploration of the deductive and inductive foundations of rational
thought. The author here clarifies and defends Aristotle’s Three Laws of
Thought, called the Laws of Identity, Non-contradiction and Exclusion of the
Middle – and introduces two more, which are implicit in and crucial to them:
the Fourth Law of Thought, called the Principle of Induction, and the Fifth
Law of Thought, called the Principle of Deduction. This book is a thematic
compilation drawn from past works by the author over a period of eighteen
years.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>A Fortiori Logic</b>
is a wide-ranging and in-depth study of a fortiori reasoning, comprising a
great many new theoretical insights into such argument, a history of its use
and discussion from antiquity to the present day, and critical analyses of
the main attempts at its elucidation. Its purpose is nothing less than to lay
the foundations for a new branch of logic, and greatly develop it; and thus
to once and for all dispel the many fallacious ideas circulating regarding
the nature of a fortiori reasoning.<o:p></o:p></div>
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</td>
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<h2>
</h2>
<h2>
Six additional books published in 2017-8: </h2>
<div>
(These books can also be purchased in paperback and e-book form in <a href="https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=sr_st_date-desc-rank?keywords=Avi+Sion&rh=n%3A283155%2Ck%3AAvi+Sion&qid=1521729709&sort=date-desc-rank" target="_blank">Amazon</a>, <a href="http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/thelogicianbooks" target="_blank">Lulu</a> and other online sales outlets.)<br />
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<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Paradoxes and Their Resolutions:</b> This 'thematic compilation' <span style="font-family: "opensans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">comprises expositions and resolutions of many (though not all) ancient and modern paradoxes, including: the Protagoras-Euathlus paradox, the Liar paradox and the Sorites paradox, Russell’s paradox and its derivatives the Barber paradox and the Master Catalogue paradox, Grelling’s paradox, Hempel's paradox of confirmation, and Goodman’s paradox of prediction. This volume also presents and comments on some of the antinomic discourse found in some Buddhist texts (namely, in Nagarjuna and in the Diamond Sutra).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "opensans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh9icwFzZ4Lqu2LHa-1Iwk7ZK4ZnCdKjmW5EwapRMLnro3cP0zdH2tqo6MIyLut7awVxeA1yojTPSNGz0BszYMj-84pTvo1pMPwPg0ev0r3ajkUUVl9eeguH0T7IHHKsKK_Thb1mXd0FG6/s1600/Logical_Criticism_of_Buddhist_Doctrines.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh9icwFzZ4Lqu2LHa-1Iwk7ZK4ZnCdKjmW5EwapRMLnro3cP0zdH2tqo6MIyLut7awVxeA1yojTPSNGz0BszYMj-84pTvo1pMPwPg0ev0r3ajkUUVl9eeguH0T7IHHKsKK_Thb1mXd0FG6/s200/Logical_Criticism_of_Buddhist_Doctrines.jpg" width="133" /></a></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "opensans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "opensans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Logical Criticism of Buddhist Doctrines:</b> This 'thematic compilation' </span><span style="font-family: "opensans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">comprises expositions and empirical and logical critiques of many (though not all) Buddhist doctrines, such as impermanence, interdependence, emptiness, the denial of self or soul. It includes the author's most recent essay, regarding the five skandhas doctrine.</span></div>
</div>
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<b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Inductive Logic </span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-align: justify;">is a ‘thematic compilation’ by Avi Sion. It
collects in one volume many (though not all) of the essays, that he has written
on this subject over a period of some 23 years, which all demonstrate the
possibility and conditions of validity of human knowledge, the utility and
reliability of human cognitive means when properly used, contrary to the skeptical
assumptions that are nowadays fashionable.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">This volume includes essays on the laws of thought,
credibility, logical modality, contextuality, adduction, theory formation and
selection, induction of actual and modal propositions, factorial induction
(factor selection and formula revision), the phenomenological approach,
experience, conceptualization, generalization and particularization, causation
and its determinations, volition (freewill) and influences thereon, negation,
and existential import.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
<b>Logic in the Torah </b>is
a ‘thematic compilation’ by Avi Sion. It collects in one volume essays that he
has written on this subject in <i>Judaic
Logic</i> (1995) and <i>A Fortiori Logic </i>(2013),
in which traces of logic in the Torah and related religious documents (the
Nakh, the Christian Bible, and the Koran and Hadiths) are identified and
analyzed.<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUeREfXtQseZyHeGVw_fkkTTtxlrILG5n5kaxwFQD71_Ac2HAT3razmci9doMSuLW6K0-azngq4eLwd46DRXfo2YbMYDUkYc1Rg-OPsAwBMixyHp3jvJziGQBJLkf5YHkNCTKxoD8EGana/s1600/LTal.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="830" data-original-width="550" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUeREfXtQseZyHeGVw_fkkTTtxlrILG5n5kaxwFQD71_Ac2HAT3razmci9doMSuLW6K0-azngq4eLwd46DRXfo2YbMYDUkYc1Rg-OPsAwBMixyHp3jvJziGQBJLkf5YHkNCTKxoD8EGana/s200/LTal.JPG" width="132" /></a><br />
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<b>Logic in the Talmud<i> </i></b>is a ‘thematic compilation’ by Avi Sion. It
collects in one volume essays that he has written on this subject in <i>Judaic Logic</i> (1995) and <i>A Fortiori Logic </i>(2013), in which traces
of logic in the Talmud (the Mishna and Gemara) are identified and analyzed.
While this book does not constitute an exhaustive study of logic in the Talmud,
it is a ground-breaking and extensive study.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVpL5IMfS_St6sf5ttH939UsqO8Bv1r4irbKMnvRQwYK4mRHyUsTTouqMIiHSaI0onz5Yb8Ao_tj0KRi7NOrS7a5W1Tsi8WLsJ-6hJ0eafPfaPkPfPcZQAvtrYd9tSWbbg1crUEb108an9/s1600/Exposing_Fake_Logic_Cover_for_Kindle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; display: inline !important; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVpL5IMfS_St6sf5ttH939UsqO8Bv1r4irbKMnvRQwYK4mRHyUsTTouqMIiHSaI0onz5Yb8Ao_tj0KRi7NOrS7a5W1Tsi8WLsJ-6hJ0eafPfaPkPfPcZQAvtrYd9tSWbbg1crUEb108an9/s200/Exposing_Fake_Logic_Cover_for_Kindle.jpg" width="133" /></a><br />
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<b>Exposing Fake Logic<i> </i></b>by Avi Sion is a collection of essays written after publication of his book <i>A Fortiori Logic</i>, in which he critically responds to derivative work by other authors who claim to know better. This is more than just polemics; but allows further clarifications of a fortiori logic and of general logic.<br />
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Note that the following webpage contains <b>links to all of Avi Sion's websites</b>, where the above books can all be read online: <b><a href="http://avisionlinks.bravesites.com/">avisionlinks.bravesites.com</a></b>.<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05289940617947981229noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4820595337756187039.post-21791409094632661992015-03-01T15:50:00.002+01:002015-03-01T21:07:38.216+01:00A FORTIORI LOGIC - by Avi Sion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>A FORTIORI LOGIC:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<i>Innovations, History
and Assessments.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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Avi Sion, Ph. D.<o:p></o:p></div>
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First published, 2013.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Abstract<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<b><i>A Fortiori Logic: Innovations, History and Assessments</i></b> is a wide-ranging and in-depth study of a fortiori reasoning, comprising
a great many <i>new theoretical insights</i>
into such argument, <i>a history</i> of its
use and discussion from antiquity to the present day, and <i>critical analyses</i> of the main attempts at its elucidation. Its
purpose is nothing less than to lay the foundations for a new branch of logic
and greatly develop it; and thus to once and for all dispel the many fallacious
ideas circulating regarding the nature of a fortiori reasoning.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The work is divided into three parts. The first part, <b>Formalities</b>, presents the author’s
largely original theory of a fortiori argument, in all its forms and varieties.
Its four (or eight) principal moods are analyzed in great detail and formally
validated, and secondary moods are derived from them. A crescendo argument is
distinguished from purely a fortiori argument, and similarly analyzed and
validated. These argument forms are clearly distinguished from the pro rata and
analogical forms of argument. Moreover, we examine the wide range of a fortiori
argument; the possibilities of quantifying it; the formal interrelationships of
its various moods; and their relationships to syllogistic and analogical
reasoning. Although a fortiori argument is shown to be deductive, inductive
forms of it are acknowledged and explained. Although a fortiori argument is
essentially ontical in character, more specifically logical-epistemic and
ethical-legal variants of it are acknowledged.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The second part of the work, <b>Ancient and Medieval History</b>, looks into use and discussion of a
fortiori argument in Greece and Rome, in the Talmud, among post-Talmudic
rabbis, and in Christian, Moslem, Chinese and Indian sources. Aristotle’s
approach to a fortiori argument is described and evaluated. There is a thorough
analysis of the Mishnaic <i>qal vachomer</i>
argument, and a reassessment of the <i>dayo</i>
principle relating to it, as well as of the Gemara’s later take on these
topics. The valuable contribution, much later, by Moshe Chaim Luzzatto is duly
acknowledged. Lists are drawn up of the use of a fortiori argument in the
Jewish Bible, the Mishna, the works of Plato and Aristotle, the Christian Bible
and the Koran; and the specific moods used are identified. Moreover, there is a
pilot study of the use of a fortiori argument in the Gemara, with reference to
Rodkinson’s partial edition of the Babylonian Talmud, setting detailed
methodological guidelines for a fuller study. There is also a novel, detailed
study of logic in general in the Torah.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The third part of the present work, <b>Modern and Contemporary Authors</b>, describes and evaluates the work
of numerous (some thirty) recent contributors to a fortiori logic, as well as
the articles on the subject in certain lexicons. Here, we discover that whereas
a few authors in the last century or so made some significant contributions to
the field, most of them shot woefully off-target in various ways. The work of
each author, whether famous or unknown, is examined in detail in a dedicated
chapter, or at least in a section; and his ideas on the subject are carefully weighed.
The variety of theories that have been proposed is impressive, and stands
witness to the complexity and elusiveness of the subject, and to the crying
need for the present critical and integrative study. But whatever the intrinsic
value of each work, it must be realized that even errors and lacunae are
interesting because they teach us how <i>not</i>
to proceed.<o:p></o:p></div>
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This book also contains, in a final appendix, some valuable
contributions to general logic, including new analyses of symbolization and
axiomatization, existential import, the tetralemma, the Liar paradox and the
Russell paradox.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Buy it or read it online<o:p></o:p></h2>
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All of Avi Sion’s published books can be purchased at <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Avi-Sion/e/B001K6ZTEA/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1422875909&sr=1-2-ent" target="_blank">Amazon.com</a>
(in paperback or kindle/.mobi form), and at <a href="http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/thelogicianbooks" target="_blank">Lulu.com</a> (in
hardcover, paperback or e-book/.epub form), as well as other online stores.<o:p></o:p></div>
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They can also be read online free of charge, chapter by
chapter, at <a href="http://www.thelogician.net/" target="_blank">www.TheLogician.net</a> and,
in '3D flipbook' format, at <a href="http://www.avisionbooks.com/" target="_blank">www.AviSionBooks.com</a>,
as well as in <a href="https://www.google.com/search?lr=lang_en&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=%22Avi+Sion%22+inauthor:%22Avi+Sion%22&tbs=,bkv:p&num=30#lr=lang_en&q="Sion"+inauthor:"Avi+Sion"&start=0&tbm=bks&tbs=bkv:p,lr:lang_1en" target="_blank">Google Books</a> and other Internet locations. They are also available in many
university and public libraries.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Contents in brief<o:p></o:p></h2>
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Foreword<o:p></o:p></div>
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PART I - FORMALITIES<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The standard forms<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->More formalities<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Still more formalities<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Apparently variant forms<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Comparisons and correlations<o:p></o:p></div>
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PART II – ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL HISTORY<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A fortiori in Greece and Rome<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A fortiori in the Talmud<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->In the Talmud, continued<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Post-Talmudic rabbis<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->A
fortiori in the Christian Bible<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Islamic
‘logic’<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->A
fortiori in China and India<o:p></o:p></div>
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PART III – MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY AUTHORS<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->13.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Moses
Mielziner<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->14.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Adolf
Schwarz<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->15.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Saul
Lieberman<o:p></o:p></div>
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Jacobs<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->17.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Heinrich
Guggenheimer<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->18.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Adin
Steinsaltz<o:p></o:p></div>
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Cohen<o:p></o:p></div>
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Avraham<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->21.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Gabriel
Abitbol<o:p></o:p></div>
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Maccoby<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->23.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Alexander
Samely<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->24.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Lenartowicz
and Koszteyn<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->25.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Abraham,
Gabbay and Schild<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->26.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Stefan
Goltzberg<o:p></o:p></div>
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Schumann<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->28.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Allen
Wiseman<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->29.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Yisrael
Ury<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->30.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Hubert
Marraud<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->31.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Various
other commentaries<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->32.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->A
fortiori in various lexicons<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->33.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Conclusions
and prospects<o:p></o:p></div>
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APPENDICES<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A fortiori discourse in the Jewish Bible<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A fortiori discourse in the Mishna<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A fortiori discourse in the two Talmuds<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A fortiori discourse by Plato and Aristotle<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A fortiori discourse in other world literature<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Logic in the Torah<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Some logic topics of general interest<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Main References / Bibliography<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<h2>
Contents in detail<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
FOREWORD<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Innovations<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->History<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Assessments<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Part I - Formalities<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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1. THE STANDARD
FORMS<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Copulative a fortiori arguments<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Implicational a fortiori arguments<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Validations<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Ranging from zero or less<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Secondary moods<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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2. MORE
FORMALITIES<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Species and Genera <o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Proportionality<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A crescendo argument<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Hermeneutics<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Relative middle terms<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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3. STILL MORE
FORMALITIES<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Understanding the laws of thought<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Quantification<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A fortiori through induction<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Antithetical items<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Traductions<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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4. APPARENTLY
VARIANT FORMS<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Variations in form and content<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Logical-epistemic a fortiori<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Ethical-legal a fortiori<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->There are no really hybrid forms<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Probable inferences<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Correlating ontical and probabilistic forms<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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5. COMPARISONS
AND CORRELATIONS<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Analogical argument<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Is a fortiori argument syllogism?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Correlating arguments<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Structural comparisons<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->From syllogism to a fortiori argument<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->From a fortiori argument to syllogism<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Reiterating translations<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Lessons learned<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Part II – Ancient and Medieval History<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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6. A FORTIORI
IN GREECE AND ROME<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Aristotle’s observations<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Kneales’ list<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Aristotle in practice<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Relation to syllogism<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Cicero<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Alexander of Aphrodisias<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Historical questions<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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7. A FORTIORI
IN THE TALMUD<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Brief history of a fortiori<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A brief course in the relevant logic<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A fresh analysis of the Mishna Baba Qama 2:5<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A logician’s reading of Numbers 12:14-15<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A critique of the Gemara in Baba Qama 25a<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A slightly different reading of the Gemara<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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8. IN THE
TALMUD, CONTINUED<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Natural, conventional or revealed?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Measure for measure<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The dayo principle in formal terms<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The human element<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Qal vachomer without dayo<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Three additional Gemara arguments<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Assessment of the Talmud’s logic<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The syllogistic Midot<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Historical questions<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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9. POST-TALMUDIC
RABBIS<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Logic and history issues<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Philo of Alexandria<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Sifra<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Korach arguments<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Saadia Gaon<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Rashi and Tosafot<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Kol zeh assim<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Maimonides<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->More on medieval authors<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Moshe
Chaim Luzzatto<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->More
research is needed<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
10. A FORTIORI IN
THE CHRISTIAN BIBLE<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->In the Christian Bible<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Jesus of Nazareth<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Paul of Tarsus<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->In later Christian discourse<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Additional findings<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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11. ISLAMIC
‘LOGIC’<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Logic in the Koran<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->About the Koran<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Logic in the hadiths<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A fortiori in fiqh, based on Hallaq<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Other presentations and issues<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The dayo principle and more<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The essence of Islamic discourse<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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12. A FORTIORI IN
CHINA AND INDIA<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Zen logic in general<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A fortiori use in Zen<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Indian kaimutika<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Part III – Modern and Contemporary Authors<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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13. MOSES
MIELZINER<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Description of the argument<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Structural analyses<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Concerning the jus talionis<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Restrictions and refutations<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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14. ADOLF SCHWARZ<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Equation to syllogism<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FR-CH">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FR-CH">Jacobs’
critique<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FR-CH">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FR-CH">Kunst’s
critique<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FR-CH">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FR-CH">Wiseman
on Schwarz<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Why a fortiori is not syllogism<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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15. SAUL
LIEBERMAN<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Hermogenes<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Influences on rabbis<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Reassessment<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Cicero<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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16. LOUIS JACOBS<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The simple and complex types<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Deficiencies in Jacobs’ forms<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->More comments on Jacobs’ work<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A more recent contribution<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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17. HEINRICH
GUGGENHEIMER<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Tout un programme<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Theory of a fortiori<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A faulty approach<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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18. ADIN
STEINSALTZ<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Qal vachomer and dayo<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A recurrent fallacy<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Lack of formalism<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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19. JONATHAN
COHEN<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Formula for a fortiori<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Fallacy of diverse weights<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->No effort of validation<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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20. MICHAEL
AVRAHAM<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Model of a fortiori<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Outlook on a fortiori<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->On Baba Qama 2:5<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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21. GABRIEL
ABITBOL<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Name and functioning<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Tabular representation<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Treatment of dayo<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Refutations<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Closing remarks<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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22. HYAM MACCOBY<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Purely a fortiori argument<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A crescendo argument<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Baba Qama 25a<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Faulty qal vachomer<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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23. ALEXANDER
SAMELY<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->General definition<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Descriptive formula<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Three alleged techniques<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Bava Kamma 25a-b<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Samely’s online database<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->My critical researches<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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24. LENARTOWICZ
AND KOSZTEYN<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The form of the argument<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The dayo principle<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Epistemic substitution<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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25. ABRAHAM,
GABBAY AND SCHILD<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Their opinion of past work<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Their erroneous basic premise<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Some errors of logic<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Mixing apples and oranges<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Quid pro quo<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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26. STEFAN
GOLTZBERG<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.0pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Source of his definition<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.0pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Soundness of the argument<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.0pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The dayo principle<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.0pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->His “two-dimensional” theory<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
27. ANDREW
SCHUMANN<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.0pt; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Interpretation of Baba Qama 25a<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.0pt; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Syllogism as a fortiori<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.0pt; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Grandiosity without substance<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.0pt; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Logic custom-made<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.0pt; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Not logic, but lunacy<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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28. ALLEN WISEMAN<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.0pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo31; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Definition and Moods<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Inductive a fortiori<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Abduction and conduction<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Proportional a fortiori<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The dayo principle<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The scope of dayo<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Miriam and Aaron<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Summing up<o:p></o:p></div>
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29. YISRAEL URY<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->An ingenious idea<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Diagrams for a fortiori argument<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->No a crescendo or dayo<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Kol zeh achnis<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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30. HUBERT
MARRAUD<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Warrants and premises<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The main form of a fortiori<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->So-called meta-arguments<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Paulo minor argument<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Legal a fortiori argument<o:p></o:p></div>
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31. VARIOUS OTHER
COMMENTARIES<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->H. S. Hirschfeld<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->H.W.B. Joseph<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FR-CH">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FR-CH">Moshe
Ostrovsky<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FR-CH">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FR-CH">Pierre
André Lalande<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FR-CH">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FR-CH">David
Daube<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Meir Zvi Bergman<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Strack and Stemberger<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Meir Brachfeld<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Gary G. Porton<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Mordechai
Torczyner<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Ron
Villanova<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Giovanni
Sartor<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->13.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->And
others still<o:p></o:p></div>
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32. A FORTIORI IN
VARIOUS LEXICONS<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Jewish Encyclopedia<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Encyclopaedia Judaica<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Encyclopedia Talmudit<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->How to define a fortiori<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Various dictionaries and encyclopedias<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Wikipedia<o:p></o:p></div>
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33. CONCLUSIONS
AND PROSPECTS<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->My past errors and present improvements<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Historical research into logic<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Assessing contemporaries<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Perspectives<o:p></o:p></div>
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APPENDICES<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A fortiori discourse in the Jewish Bible<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A fortiori discourse in the Mishna<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A fortiori discourse in the two Talmuds<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A fortiori discourse by Plato and Aristotle<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Plato<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Aristotle<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A fortiori discourse in other world literature<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Ancient literature<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->More recent literature<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Logic in the Torah<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Some logic topics of general interest<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->About modern symbolic logic<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The triviality of the existential import
doctrine<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The vanity of the tetralemma<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Liar paradox (redux)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Russell paradox (redux)<o:p></o:p></div>
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Main References / Bibliography<o:p></o:p></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05289940617947981229noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4820595337756187039.post-40818795922283087822015-03-01T15:27:00.000+01:002015-03-01T15:27:16.594+01:00THE LAWS OF THOUGHT - by Avi Sion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>THE LAWS OF THOUGHT<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<i>A Thematic Compilation<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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Avi Sion, Ph. D.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFILGNeUgfYpPcrUmS6ybqMIaunIQwsqjKttVtea84HAcA16EsvbIHk_WLu8slaAHxwx0nhq-LERDiiEK13mdsQeiv9uIMII2GPY2v8aJKVzBc6CA-iXf9vPw1Qah4sMwz12KMuiePnm9p/s1600/LoT.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFILGNeUgfYpPcrUmS6ybqMIaunIQwsqjKttVtea84HAcA16EsvbIHk_WLu8slaAHxwx0nhq-LERDiiEK13mdsQeiv9uIMII2GPY2v8aJKVzBc6CA-iXf9vPw1Qah4sMwz12KMuiePnm9p/s1600/LoT.JPG" /></a></div>
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First Published, 2008. Expanded edition, 2014.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h2>
Abstract<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<b><i>The Laws of Thought</i></b> is an exploration of the deductive and
inductive foundations of rational thought. The author here clarifies and
defends Aristotle’s Three Laws of Thought, called the Laws of Identity,
Non-contradiction and Exclusion of the Middle – <i>and introduces two more, which are implicit in and crucial to them: the
Fourth Law of Thought, called the Principle of Induction, and the Fifth Law of
Thought, called the Principle of Deduction.</i><o:p></o:p></div>
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This book is a thematic compilation drawn from past works by
the author over a period of twenty-three years.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Buy it or read it online<o:p></o:p></h2>
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All of Avi Sion’s published books can be purchased at <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Avi-Sion/e/B001K6ZTEA/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1422875909&sr=1-2-ent" target="_blank">Amazon.com</a>
(in paperback or kindle/.mobi form), and at <a href="http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/thelogicianbooks" target="_blank">Lulu.com</a> (in
hardcover, paperback or e-book/.epub form), as well as other online stores.<o:p></o:p></div>
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They can also be read online free of charge, chapter by
chapter, at <a href="http://www.thelogician.net/" target="_blank">www.TheLogician.net</a> and,
in '3D flipbook' format, at <a href="http://www.avisionbooks.com/" target="_blank">www.AviSionBooks.com</a>,
as well as in <a href="https://www.google.com/search?lr=lang_en&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=%22Avi+Sion%22+inauthor:%22Avi+Sion%22&tbs=,bkv:p&num=30#lr=lang_en&q="Sion"+inauthor:"Avi+Sion"&start=0&tbm=bks&tbs=bkv:p,lr:lang_1en" target="_blank">Google Books</a> and other Internet locations. They are also available in many
university and public libraries.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Contents<o:p></o:p></h2>
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Chapter One - The Foundations of Logic<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Future Logic (1990), chapter 2.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Law of Identity<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Law of Contradiction<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Law of the Excluded Middle<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Two - Logical Relations<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Future Logic (1990), chapter 3 (part of section 3 omitted).<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->True or False<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Branches of Logic<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Tools of Logic<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Axioms of Logic<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Three - Credibility<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Future Logic (1990), chapter 20 (sections 1-3).<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Ground of the Laws<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Functions of the Laws<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->More on Credibility<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Four - Paradoxes<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Future Logic (1990), chapter 31 (sections 1 & 2).<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Internal Inconsistency<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Stolen Concept Fallacy<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Five - Double Paradoxes<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Future Logic (1990), chapter 32.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Definition<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Liar Paradox<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Barber Paradox<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Six<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Buddhist Illogic (2002), chapter 1 & chapter 2.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Tetralemma<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Nagarjuna’s Misinterpretation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Neither Real Nor Unreal<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Common Way vs. Middle Way<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Seven<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Phenomenology (2003), chapter 1 (sections 1 & 2).<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Phenomenology<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Knowledge is Based On Appearance<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Eight<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Phenomenology (2003), chapter 2 (sections 2 & 3).<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Appearance and Other Large Concepts<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Material, Mental, Intuitive, Abstract<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Nine - Compatibility or Incompatibility<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Phenomenology (2003), chapter4 (section 2).<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Apprehension<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Explications<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Negation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Primaries<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Ten<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Phenomenology (2003), chapter 7 (section 3) and chapter 4
(section 5).<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Logical Attitudes<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Unity In Plurality<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Eleven<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Ruminations (2005), chapter 1 (sections 1-3).<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Dialectical Reasoning<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Genesis of Axioms<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Paradoxical Propositions<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Twelve<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Ruminations (2005), chapter 1 (sections 4-6).<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Contradiction<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Varieties of Contradiction<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Double Standards<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Thirteen<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Ruminations (2005), chapter 1 (sections 7-10).<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Special Status of the Laws<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Motors of Rational Thought<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Cogito, Ergo Sum<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Concerning Identity<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Fourteen<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Ruminations (2005), chapter 2 (section 17).<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Appearance, Reality and Illusion<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Existence and Non-existence<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Fifteen<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Ruminations (2005), chapter 3 (section 5), chapter 5
(section 1) and chapter 6 (sections 3 & 4).<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Poles of Duality<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->On the Liar paradox<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Non-Aristotelian “Logic”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Postmodern “Logic”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Sixteen - On Negation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Ruminations (2005), chapter 9 (sections 1-4).<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Negation in Adduction<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Positive and Negative Phenomena<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Positive Experience Precedes Negation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Negation is an Intention<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Seventeen - On Negation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Ruminations (2005), chapter 9 (sections 5-8).<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Formal Consequences<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Negation and the Laws of Thought<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Pure Experience<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Consistency is Natural<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Eighteen - The Principle of Induction<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Logical and Spiritual Reflections (2008), Hume’s Problems
with Induction, chapter 2.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Uniformity Principle<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Principle of Induction<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Regarding Husserl<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Flexibility of Induction<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Nineteen - The Primacy of the Laws<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Logical and Spiritual Reflections (2008), In Defense of
Aristotle’s Laws of Thought, chapter 2.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Briefly Put<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Antagonism to the Laws<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Counterarguments<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span><!--[endif]-->Our Pedestrian Path<o:p></o:p></div>
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Chapter Twenty<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Logical and Spiritual Reflections (2008), In Defense of
Aristotle’s Laws of Thought, chapter 3 & chapter 4.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Ontological Status of the Laws<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span><!--[endif]-->The Need for a Subject<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span><!--[endif]-->Fuzzy Logic<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Stick to Logic<o:p></o:p></div>
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Chapter Twenty-One - Misrepresentation of Aristotle<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Logical and Spiritual Reflections (2008), In Defense of
Aristotle’s Laws of Thought, chapter 5.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Ups and Downs of Aristotelianism<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Aristotle Bashing<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Aristotle’s Dynamism<o:p></o:p></div>
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Chapter Twenty-Two - Not on the Geometrical Model<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Logical and Spiritual Reflections (2008), In Defense of
Aristotle’s Laws of Thought, chapter 6.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->How to Validate Logic?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Inductive Nature of Knowledge<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Crucial Role of Negation <o:p></o:p></div>
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Chapter Twenty-Three - A Poisonous Brew<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Logical and Spiritual Reflections (2008), In Defense of
Aristotle’s Laws of Thought, chapter 7.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Truth vs. Proof<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span><!--[endif]-->Double Negation<o:p></o:p></div>
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Chapter Twenty-Four - The Game of One-upmanship<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Logical and Spiritual Reflections (2008), In Defense of
Aristotle’s Laws of Thought, chapter 8.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Misleading Symbolism<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span><!--[endif]-->Upping the Ante<o:p></o:p></div>
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Chapter Twenty-Five - In Buddhist Discourse<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Logical and Spiritual Reflections (2008), In Defense of
Aristotle’s Laws of Thought, chapter 9.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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</span><!--[endif]-->Mitigating Clarifications<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span><!--[endif]-->Examples<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span><!--[endif]-->Doing Rather than Talking<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span><!--[endif]-->Imprecise Language<o:p></o:p></div>
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Chapter Twenty-Six - The Laws of Thought in Meditation<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Logical and Spiritual Reflections (2008), In Defense of
Aristotle’s Laws of Thought, chapter 20.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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</span><!--[endif]-->Cognitive Virtues<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span><!--[endif]-->The Absurdity of the Antitheses<o:p></o:p></div>
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Chapter Twenty Seven - Understanding the Laws of Thought<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from A Fortiori Logic (2013), chapters 3.1, 7.2.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Adapting the Laws of Thought<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span><!--[endif]-->Two More Laws of Thought<o:p></o:p></div>
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Chapter Twenty Eight - Assaults on Logic<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from A Fortiori Logic (2013), chapter 12.1 and appendix 7.3<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Zen’s Anti-logic<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Vanity of the Tetralemma<o:p></o:p></div>
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Chapter Twenty Nine - Modern Logic<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from A Fortiori Logic (2013), appendices 7.1-2.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Modern Symbolic Logic<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Existential Import Doctrine<o:p></o:p></div>
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Chapter Thirty - The Liar and Russell Paradoxes (Redux)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from A Fortiori Logic (2013), appendices 7.4-5.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Liar Paradox (Redux)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Russell Paradox (Redux)<o:p></o:p></div>
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Main References<o:p></o:p></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05289940617947981229noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4820595337756187039.post-37606316009343124132015-03-01T15:24:00.003+01:002015-03-01T15:24:26.908+01:00LOGICAL PHILOSOPHY - by Avi Sion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>LOGICAL PHILOSOPHY:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<i>A Compendium.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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Avi Sion, Ph. D.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglz2oUe8me6OftzkKa9I_-EHxVtjPjaaeV75ChIff9GTa12In4uXXDhQUEArrR0bDOoTXn9i27y_VFpJplJJRl0CXWI-8xCUw15pQmxxkLD3mqJEHNhWDKpEs-uUtsGbXQlep8WgOHdcs_/s1600/LP.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglz2oUe8me6OftzkKa9I_-EHxVtjPjaaeV75ChIff9GTa12In4uXXDhQUEArrR0bDOoTXn9i27y_VFpJplJJRl0CXWI-8xCUw15pQmxxkLD3mqJEHNhWDKpEs-uUtsGbXQlep8WgOHdcs_/s1600/LP.JPG" /></a></div>
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First published, 2013.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Abstract<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<b><i>Logical Philosophy: A Compendium </i></b>brings together five works by
Avi Sion published in the years 2002-06, namely: <i>Phenomenology </i>(2003), <i>Volition
and Allied Causal Concepts </i>(2004), <i>Meditations</i>
(2006), <i>Ruminations</i> (2005), and <i>Buddhist Illogic</i> (2002).<o:p></o:p></div>
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These works together define what may be termed ‘Logical
Philosophy’, i.e. philosophical discourse distinguished by its steadfast
reliance on inductive and deductive logic to resolve epistemological and
ontological issues.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Note that the works are placed in a logical rather than
chronological order. This collection does not include work done on <i>The Logic of Causation</i> in the same
period (published in 2003, 2005).<o:p></o:p></div>
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Buy it or read it online<o:p></o:p></h2>
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All of Avi Sion’s published books can be purchased at <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Avi-Sion/e/B001K6ZTEA/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1422875909&sr=1-2-ent" target="_blank">Amazon.com</a>
(in paperback or kindle/.mobi form), and at <a href="http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/thelogicianbooks" target="_blank">Lulu.com</a> (in
hardcover, paperback or e-book/.epub form), as well as other online stores.<o:p></o:p></div>
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They can also be read online free of charge, chapter by
chapter, at <a href="http://www.thelogician.net/" target="_blank">www.TheLogician.net</a> and,
in '3D flipbook' format, at <a href="http://www.avisionbooks.com/" target="_blank">www.AviSionBooks.com</a>,
as well as in <a href="https://www.google.com/search?lr=lang_en&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=%22Avi+Sion%22+inauthor:%22Avi+Sion%22&tbs=,bkv:p&num=30#lr=lang_en&q="Sion"+inauthor:"Avi+Sion"&start=0&tbm=bks&tbs=bkv:p,lr:lang_1en" target="_blank">Google Books</a> and other Internet locations. They are also available in many
university and public libraries.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h2>
Contents in brief<o:p></o:p></h2>
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PHENOMENOLOGY: Basing Knowledge on Appearance<o:p></o:p></div>
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VOLITION AND ALLIED CAUSAL CONCEPTS<o:p></o:p></div>
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MEDITATIONS: A Spiritual Logbook<o:p></o:p></div>
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RUMINATIONS: Sundry notes and essays on Logic<o:p></o:p></div>
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BUDDHIST ILLOGIC: A Critical Analysis of Nagarjuna’s
Arguments<o:p></o:p></div>
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Contents in more detail<o:p></o:p></h2>
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PHENOMENOLOGY: Basing Knowledge on Appearance<o:p></o:p></div>
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1. What, Why and How<o:p></o:p></div>
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2. Organizing Principles<o:p></o:p></div>
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3. Experiences and Abstractions<o:p></o:p></div>
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4. Conceptualization<o:p></o:p></div>
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5. The Self<o:p></o:p></div>
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6. Additional Topics<o:p></o:p></div>
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7. The Active Role of Logic<o:p></o:p></div>
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8. Epistemological Issues in Mathematics<o:p></o:p></div>
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9. Theology Without Prejudice<o:p></o:p></div>
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Appendices<o:p></o:p></div>
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Figures<o:p></o:p></div>
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References<o:p></o:p></div>
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VOLITION AND ALLIED CAUSAL CONCEPTS<o:p></o:p></div>
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1. Basic Causal Relations<o:p></o:p></div>
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2. Interactions between Volition and Causation<o:p></o:p></div>
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3. Further Analysis of Volition<o:p></o:p></div>
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4. Consciousness and Responsibility<o:p></o:p></div>
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5. Influence and Freedom<o:p></o:p></div>
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6. Further Analysis of Influence<o:p></o:p></div>
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7. The Workings of Volition<o:p></o:p></div>
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8. Volition and the Special Sciences<o:p></o:p></div>
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9. Will, Velleity and Whim<o:p></o:p></div>
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10. Affections and Appetites<o:p></o:p></div>
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11. Complications of Influence<o:p></o:p></div>
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12. Urges and Impulses<o:p></o:p></div>
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13. The Quasi-Purposive in Nature<o:p></o:p></div>
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14. Concepts of Evolution<o:p></o:p></div>
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15. More about Evolution<o:p></o:p></div>
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16. The Self<o:p></o:p></div>
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17. Some Topics in Deontology<o:p></o:p></div>
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18. More Topics in Deontology<o:p></o:p></div>
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Appendices<o:p></o:p></div>
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References<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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MEDITATIONS: A Spiritual Logbook.<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Some Theoretical
Considerations<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Understanding The Self<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Some Behavioral
Disciplines<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Some Sitting Meditations<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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RUMINATIONS: Sundry notes and essays on Logic<o:p></o:p></div>
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1. About the Laws of Thought<o:p></o:p></div>
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2. About Induction<o:p></o:p></div>
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3. About Words<o:p></o:p></div>
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4. About Formal Logic<o:p></o:p></div>
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5. About Paradoxes<o:p></o:p></div>
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6. About “Modern Logic”<o:p></o:p></div>
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7. About Cognitive Development<o:p></o:p></div>
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8. About Causal Logic<o:p></o:p></div>
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9. About Negation<o:p></o:p></div>
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10. Jewish Logic: A Brief History and Evaluation<o:p></o:p></div>
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11. Islamic Logic<o:p></o:p></div>
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12. Logical Aspects of Foucault's "Archeology"<o:p></o:p></div>
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13. Comments on 3 chapters of Foucault<o:p></o:p></div>
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14. Bolzano's Semantics Concepts<o:p></o:p></div>
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BUDDHIST ILLOGIC: A Critical Analysis of Nagarjuna’s
Arguments<o:p></o:p></div>
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Foreword<o:p></o:p></div>
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1. The tetralemma<o:p></o:p></div>
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2. Neither real nor unreal<o:p></o:p></div>
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3. Nagarjuna’s use of dilemma<o:p></o:p></div>
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4. The subject-predicate relation<o:p></o:p></div>
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5. Percepts and concepts<o:p></o:p></div>
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6. Motion and rest<o:p></o:p></div>
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7. Causality<o:p></o:p></div>
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8. Co-dependence<o:p></o:p></div>
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9. Karmic law<o:p></o:p></div>
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10. God and creation<o:p></o:p></div>
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11. Self or soul<o:p></o:p></div>
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12. Self-knowledge<o:p></o:p></div>
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Afterword: Not ‘empty logic’, but
empty of logic<o:p></o:p></div>
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Appendices:<o:p></o:p></div>
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1. Fallacies in Nagarjuna’s work<o:p></o:p></div>
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2. Brief glossary of some basic concepts<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">(These five books
can also be purchased separately.)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05289940617947981229noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4820595337756187039.post-63145754973416211862015-03-01T15:21:00.000+01:002015-03-01T15:21:11.630+01:00THE LOGIC OF CAUSATION - by Avi Sion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>THE LOGIC OF
CAUSATION:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<i>Definition,
Induction and Deduction of Deterministic Causality.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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Avi Sion, Ph. D.<o:p></o:p></div>
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First published, 1999 (Phase I),
2003 (Phases I & II), 2010 (Phases I, II & III).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h2>
Abstract<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<b><i>The
Logic of Causation </i></b>is a treatise of formal logic and of aetiology. It
is an original and wide-ranging investigation of the definition of causation
(deterministic causality) in all its forms, and of the deduction and induction
of such forms. The work was carried out in three phases over a dozen years
(1998-2010), each phase introducing more sophisticated methods than the
previous to solve outstanding problems. This study was intended as part of a
larger work on causal logic, which additionally treats volition and allied
cause-effect relations (2004).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><i>The
Logic of Causation </i></b>deals with the main technicalities relating to
reasoning about causation. Once all the deductive characteristics of causation
in all its forms have been treated, and we have gained an understanding as to
how it is induced, we are able to discuss more intelligently its epistemological
and ontological status. In this context, past theories of causation are
reviewed and evaluated (although some of the issues involved here can only be fully
dealt with in a larger perspective, taking volition and other aspects of
causality into consideration, as done in <b><i>Volition and Allied Causal Concepts</i></b>).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Phase I: Macroanalysis</b>. Starting with
the paradigm of causation, its most obvious and strongest form, we can by
abstraction of its defining components distinguish four genera of causation, or
generic determinations, namely: complete, partial, necessary and contingent
causation. When these genera and their negations are combined together in every
which way, and tested for consistency, it is found that only four species of
causation, or specific determinations, remain conceivable. The concept of
causation thus gives rise to a number of positive and negative propositional
forms, which can be studied in detail with relative ease because they are
compounds of conjunctive and conditional propositions whose properties are
already well known to logicians. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The
logical relations (oppositions) between the various determinations (and their
negations) are investigated, as well as their respective implications
(eductions). Thereafter, their interactions (in syllogistic reasoning) are
treated in the most rigorous manner. The main question we try to answer here
is: <i>is (or when is) the cause of a cause
of something itself a cause of that thing, and if so to what degree?</i> The
figures and moods of positive causative syllogism are listed exhaustively; and
the resulting arguments validated or invalidated, as the case may be. In this
context, a general and sure method of evaluation called ‘matricial analysis’ (macroanalysis)
is introduced. Because this (initial) method is cumbersome, it is used as
little as possible – the remaining cases being evaluated by means of reduction.
<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Phase II: Microanalysis</b>. Seeing various
difficulties encountered in the first phase, and the fact that some issues were
left unresolved in it, a more precise method is developed in the second phase, capable
of systematically answering most outstanding questions. This improved matricial
analysis (microanalysis) is based on tabular prediction of all logically
conceivable combinations and permutations of conjunctions between two or more
items and their negations (grand matrices). Each such possible combination is
called a ‘modus’ and is assigned a permanent number within the framework
concerned (for 2, 3, or more items). This allows us to identify each distinct
(causative or other, positive or negative) propositional form with a number of
alternative moduses.<o:p></o:p></div>
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This
technique greatly facilitates all work with causative and related forms,
allowing us to systematically consider their eductions, oppositions, and
syllogistic combinations. In fact, it constitutes a most radical approach not
only to causative propositions and their derivatives, but perhaps more
importantly to their constituent conditional propositions. Moreover, it is not
limited to logical conditioning and causation, but is equally applicable to
other modes of modality, including extensional, natural, temporal and spatial
conditioning and causation. From the results obtained, we are able to settle
with formal certainty most of the historically controversial issues relating to
causation.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Phase III: Software Assisted Analysis</b>.
The approach in the second phase was very ‘manual’ and time consuming; the
third phase is intended to ‘mechanize’ much of the work involved by means of
spreadsheets (to begin with). This increases reliability of calculations
(though no errors were found, in fact) – and also allows for a wider scope.
Indeed, we are now able to produce a larger, 4-item grand matrix, and on its
basis find the moduses of causative and other forms needed to investigate
4-item syllogism. As well, now each modus can be interpreted with greater
precision and causation can be more precisely defined and treated.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In
this latest phase, <b><i>the research is brought to a successful finish</i></b><i>!</i> Its main ambition, to obtain a
complete and reliable listing of all 3-item and 4-item causative syllogisms,
being truly fulfilled. This was made technically feasible, in spite of
limitations in computer software and hardware, by cutting up problems into
smaller pieces. For every mood of the syllogism, it was thus possible to scan
for conclusions ‘mechanically’ (using spreadsheets), testing all forms of
causative and preventive conclusions. Until now, this job could only be done
‘manually’, and therefore not exhaustively and with certainty. It took over
72’000 pages of spreadsheets to generate the sought for conclusions.<o:p></o:p></div>
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This
is a historic breakthrough for causal logic and logic in general. Of course,
not all conceivable issues are resolved. There is still some work that needs
doing, notably with regard to 5-item causative syllogism. But what has been
achieved solves the core problem. The method for the resolution of all
outstanding issues has definitely now been found and proven. The only obstacle
to solving most of them is the amount of labor needed to produce the remaining
(less important) tables. As for 5-item syllogism, bigger computer resources are
also needed. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<h2>
Buy it or read it online<o:p></o:p></h2>
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All of Avi Sion’s published books can be purchased at <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Avi-Sion/e/B001K6ZTEA/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1422875909&sr=1-2-ent" target="_blank">Amazon.com</a>
(in paperback or kindle/.mobi form), and at <a href="http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/thelogicianbooks" target="_blank">Lulu.com</a> (in
hardcover, paperback or e-book/.epub form), as well as other online stores.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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They can also be read online free of charge, chapter by
chapter, at <a href="http://www.thelogician.net/" target="_blank">www.TheLogician.net</a> and,
in '3D flipbook' format, at <a href="http://www.avisionbooks.com/" target="_blank">www.AviSionBooks.com</a>,
as well as in <a href="https://www.google.com/search?lr=lang_en&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=%22Avi+Sion%22+inauthor:%22Avi+Sion%22&tbs=,bkv:p&num=30#lr=lang_en&q="Sion"+inauthor:"Avi+Sion"&start=0&tbm=bks&tbs=bkv:p,lr:lang_1en" target="_blank">Google Books</a> and other Internet locations. They are also available in many
university and public libraries.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h2>
Contents in brief<o:p></o:p></h2>
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PHASE ONE: MACROANALYSIS <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">The Paradigm of Causation <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Generic Determinations
<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Specific
Determinations <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Immediate Inferences <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Causative Syllogism <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Lists of Positive Moods <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Reduction of Positive
Moods <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Matricial Analyses <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Squeezing Out More
Information <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Wrapping Up Phase One<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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Appendix. J.S. Mill's Methods<o:p></o:p></div>
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PHASE TWO: MICROANALYSIS <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="11" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Piecemeal Microanalysis<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Systematic Microanalysis<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Some More Microanalyses<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Main Three-Item Syllogisms<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Some More Three-Item
Syllogisms<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Outstanding Issues<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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Appendix. Grand Matrices<o:p></o:p></div>
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PHASE THREE: SOFTWARE ASSISTED ANALYSIS <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="17" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Resuming the Research<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Moduses of the Forms<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Defining Causation<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Concerning Complements<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Causative Syllogisms<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Scanning for Conclusions<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Exploring Further Afield<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">A Practical Guide to
Causative Logic<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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Tables and Diagrams<o:p></o:p></div>
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References<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h2>
Contents in detail<o:p></o:p></h2>
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Phase One: Macroanalysis. <o:p></o:p></div>
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1. THE PARADIGM
OF CAUSATION <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Causation. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Paradigmic
Determination. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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2. THE GENERIC
DETERMINATIONS <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Strong Determinations. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Parallelism of
Strongs. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Weak Determinations. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Parallelism of Weaks. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Four Genera of
Causation. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Negations of Causation. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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3. THE SPECIFIC
DETERMINATIONS <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">The Species of
Causation. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Joint
determinations. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Significance of
Certain Findings. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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4. IMMEDIATE
INFERENCES <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Oppositions. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Eductions. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Directions of
Causation. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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5. CAUSATIVE
SYLLOGISM <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Causal or Effectual
Chains. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Some Instructive
Examples. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Figures and Moods. <o:p></o:p></li>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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6. LIST OF
POSITIVE MOODS <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Valid and Invalid
Moods. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Moods in Figure 1. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Moods in Figure 2. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Moods in Figure 3. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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7. REDUCTION OF
POSITIVE MOODS <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Reduction. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Reductions in Figure
1. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Reductions in Figure
2. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Reductions in Figure
3. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
8. MATRICIAL
ANALYSES <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Matricial Analysis. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Crucial Matricial Analyses
in Figure 1. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Crucial Matricial Analyses
in Figure 2. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Crucial Matricial Analyses
in Figure 3. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
9. SQUEEZING
OUT MORE INFORMATION <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">The Interactions of
Determinations. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Negative Moods. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Negative Conclusions
from Positive Moods. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Imperfect Moods. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
10. WRAPPING UP
PHASE ONE <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Highlights of
Findings. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Modes of Causation. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Gaps and Loose
Ends. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Appendix: J. S.
MILL'S METHODS: A Critical Analysis <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Preamble.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Joint Method of
Agreement and Difference. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Method of
Agreement. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Method of
Difference. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Method of Residues. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Method of
Concomitant Variations. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Concluding Remarks. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Phase Two: Microanalysis. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
11. PIECEMEAL
MICROANALYSIS<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Binary Coding and
Unraveling. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Generic
Determinations. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Contraction and
Expansion. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Intersection,
Nullification and Merger. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Negation. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12. SYSTEMATIC
MICROANALYSIS<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Grand Matrices. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Moduses in a Two-Item
Framework. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Catalogue of Moduses, for
Three Items. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Enumeration of Moduses,
for Three Items. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Comparing Frameworks. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
13. SOME MORE
MICROANALYSES<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Relatives Weaks. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Items of Negative
Polarity in Two-Item Framework. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Items of Negative
Polarity in Three-Item Framework. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Categoricals and
Conditionals. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
14. MAIN
THREE-ITEM SYLLOGISMS<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Applying Microanalysis to
Syllogism. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Moduses of Premises. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Moduses of
Conclusions. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Dealing with Vaguer
Propositions. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
15. SOME MORE
THREE-ITEM SYLLOGISMS<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Special Cases of
Three-Item Syllogism. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Dealing with Negatives. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
16. OUTSTANDING
ISSUES<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Four-Item Syllogism. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">On Laws of Causation. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Interdependence. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Other Features of
Causation Worthy of Study. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Appendix: GRAND
MATRICES<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Catalogue of moduses for the
four conjunctions of two items (P, R).<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Catalogue of moduses for
the eight conjunctions of three items (P, Q, R).<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Phase Three: Software Assisted Analysis. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
17. RESUMING THE
RESEARCH.<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">History of the Research.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Matrices of the
Frameworks.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Comparing Frameworks.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
18. MODUSES OF
THE FORMS.<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">2-Item Framework
Moduses.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">3-Item Framework
Moduses.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">4-Item Moduses of the
Forms.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Interpretation of the
Moduses.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
19. DEFINING
CAUSATION.<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Back to the Beginning.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Puzzle of No
Non-connection.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Definition of
Causation.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Oppositions and Other
Inferences.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
20. CONCERNING
COMPLEMENTS.<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Reducing Numerous
Complements to Just Two.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Dependence Between
Complements.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Exclusive Weak
Causation.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Need for an
Additional Item (or Two).<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
21. CAUSATIVE SYLLOGISMS.<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Methodology.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">3-Item Syllogisms.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">4-Item Syllogisms.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">About 5-item Syllogism.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
22. SCANNING FOR
CONCLUSIONS.<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Methodology.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Forms Studied and their
Oppositions.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">3-Item Syllogisms.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">4-Item Syllogisms.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
23. EXPLORING
FURTHER AFIELD.<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Possible Forms of
Premises.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Dealing with Negative
Items.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Preventive Syllogisms
and their Derivatives. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Syllogisms with Negative
Premise(s). <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Causal Logic
Perspective. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
24. A PRACTICAL
GUIDE TO CAUSATIVE LOGIC.<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">What is Causation? <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">How is Causation Known? <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">A List of the Main
Causative Arguments. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Closing Remark. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
TABLES AND DIAGRAMS<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
References<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05289940617947981229noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4820595337756187039.post-83333952206469274662015-03-01T14:51:00.000+01:002015-03-01T14:51:32.945+01:00THEOLOGY - by Avi Sion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>THEOLOGY<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<i>A Thematic Compilation<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Avi Sion, Ph. D.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl8Ofhd_ie6LmhEpqDDWf1bge7gR_afEiF_gpf2n3ICL51Zj2iPIZaGoToi0ixGLyeFz54-M-AoQpbEunmk4LTIZaIzUMXK4P6OApgZszgx6m7xwNXHDGnHjUx7nqXrVZwx6H4ocgFCqyX/s1600/Theo.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl8Ofhd_ie6LmhEpqDDWf1bge7gR_afEiF_gpf2n3ICL51Zj2iPIZaGoToi0ixGLyeFz54-M-AoQpbEunmk4LTIZaIzUMXK4P6OApgZszgx6m7xwNXHDGnHjUx7nqXrVZwx6H4ocgFCqyX/s1600/Theo.JPG" /></a></div>
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<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
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First published, 2009. Expanded edition, 2014.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<h2>
Abstract<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i>Theology</i></b> is about God and Creation, or more precisely perhaps
about our ideas of them, how they are formed and somewhat justified, although
it is stressed that they can be neither proved nor disproved.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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This book is a thematic compilation drawn from past works by
the author over a period of thirteen years.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<h2>
Buy it or read it online<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<br /></div>
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All of Avi Sion’s published books can be purchased at <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Avi-Sion/e/B001K6ZTEA/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1422875909&sr=1-2-ent" target="_blank">Amazon.com</a>
(in paperback or kindle/.mobi form), and at <a href="http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/thelogicianbooks" target="_blank">Lulu.com</a> (in
hardcover, paperback or e-book/.epub form), as well as other online stores.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
They can also be read online free of charge, chapter by
chapter, at <a href="http://www.thelogician.net/" target="_blank">www.TheLogician.net</a> and,
in '3D flipbook' format, at <a href="http://www.avisionbooks.com/" target="_blank">www.AviSionBooks.com</a>,
as well as in <a href="https://www.google.com/search?lr=lang_en&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=%22Avi+Sion%22+inauthor:%22Avi+Sion%22&tbs=,bkv:p&num=30#lr=lang_en&q="Sion"+inauthor:"Avi+Sion"&start=0&tbm=bks&tbs=bkv:p,lr:lang_1en" target="_blank">Google Books</a> and other Internet locations. They are also available in many
university and public libraries.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Contents in brief<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -57.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Logical Aspects of Faith<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -57.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Nagarjuna on God and Creation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -57.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Theology Without Prejudice<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -57.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Causation, Volition and God<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -57.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Philosophy and Religion<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -57.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Meditations<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -57.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Ideas of God and Creation<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Sundry Reflections on the Soul and God<o:p></o:p></div>
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References<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Contents in detail<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter 1. Logical
Aspects of Faith<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Judaic Logic (1995), chapter 2 (section 4 - part) &
chapter 14 (sections 1-2); and addenda 10 & 11.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -57.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Logic and mysticism<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -57.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->On natural proofs of religion<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Theodicy and the Believer's Wager<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Proof of God by analogy?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Disproofs of God?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Chapter 2. Nagarjuna
on God and Creation<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Buddhist Illogic (2002), chapter 10.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Nagarjuna’s main arguments<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -57.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Other issues raised<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Buddhism and Theism<o:p></o:p></div>
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Chapter 3. Theology
Without Prejudice<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Phenomenology (2003), chapter 9.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Applying logical standards to theology<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Conceiving the Divine attributes<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Analyzing omniscience and omnipotence<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Harmonizing Justice and Mercy<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The formlessness of God<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Chapter 4. Causation,
Volition and God<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Volition and Allied Causal Concepts (2004), chapter 1
(section 1), chapter 2 (sections 1-4), chapter 15 (section 2 part & section
3).<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -57.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Causation and volition<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Necessity and inertia in causation<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Direct and indirect volition<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Matter-mind and spirit<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Conceiving Divine volition<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Spiritual Darwinism<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Theological perspectives<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Chapter 5. Philosophy
and Religion<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Ruminations (2005), chapter 2 (section 19).<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Two distinct endeavors<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Many people make claims<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->How to decide?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -57.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->A word on Buddhism<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Evaluating claims<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -57.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Acknowledging science<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Chapter 6. Meditations<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Meditations (2006), chapters 5, 6, 8 & 33.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -57.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Interpretations of meditation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -57.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The coexistence of the and the many<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -57.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The individual self in Monism<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -57.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Already there<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Chapter 7. The
Ideas of God and Creation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Logical and Spiritual Reflections (2008), Zen Judaism, chapter
1.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The idea of God<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The idea of creation<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Two acts of faith<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Chapter 8. Sundry
Reflections on the Soul and God<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Volition and Allied Causal Concepts (2004), chapter 16
(section 3)<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -57.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->About the soul<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -57.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->About God<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -57.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Theology<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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References<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<h2>
Further description<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<br /></div>
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Some
readers may find my occasional references to God in some of my works as
misplaced. In this day and age, any reference to God is considered by many as
necessarily apologetic and prejudiced. But I insist, my works are <i>secular
and rational works of philosophy</i>. I simply refuse to be intimidated by
ignorant pseudo-philosophers, who tell the masses that atheism is an
established fact of ‘science’. I consider myself a philosopher in the ancient
and high tradition, which admits of no such fashionable dogma. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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In
this context, <i>theology</i> is admitted as a legitimate and noble field of
open philosophical debate, in which theism and atheism are both given voice and
must both argue their case rationally, though both may remain forever equally
speculative. In my view, people who claim that atheism is scientific are as
epistemologically pretentious as those who claim knowledge of the Divine by
ordinary experience and reasoning. The role of philosophy here is merely to
eliminate certain incoherent ideas, and so limit the field to a more limited
number of respectable ones. Beyond that, all beliefs (including the atheistic)
are personal faiths.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05289940617947981229noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4820595337756187039.post-26664355148713747402015-03-01T14:49:00.000+01:002015-03-01T14:49:05.680+01:00ETHICS - by Avi Sion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>ETHICS<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<i>A Thematic Compilation<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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Avi Sion, Ph. D.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLclY7rPUcL2COX52Ajn-Ur7g033ERGPy_Re5-SROraj4jL5QA934bTA1dyq__rwdyhKt4VttImCpYDK_krZXV1aWrfXZ__1sFQpOifILxQXmhIJ-iX19WXJecnwrVUPlcSFRen31idgFu/s1600/Ethics.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLclY7rPUcL2COX52Ajn-Ur7g033ERGPy_Re5-SROraj4jL5QA934bTA1dyq__rwdyhKt4VttImCpYDK_krZXV1aWrfXZ__1sFQpOifILxQXmhIJ-iX19WXJecnwrVUPlcSFRen31idgFu/s1600/Ethics.JPG" /></a></div>
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First Published, 2008.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h2>
Abstract<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<b><i>Ethics</i></b> is a collection of thoughts on the method, form and
content of Ethics.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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This book is a thematic compilation drawn from past works by
the author, over a period of thirteen years. The essays are placed in
chronological order.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<h2>
Buy it or read it online<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<br /></div>
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All of Avi Sion’s published books can be purchased at <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Avi-Sion/e/B001K6ZTEA/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1422875909&sr=1-2-ent" target="_blank">Amazon.com</a>
(in paperback or kindle/.mobi form), and at <a href="http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/thelogicianbooks" target="_blank">Lulu.com</a> (in
hardcover, paperback or e-book/.epub form), as well as other online stores.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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They can also be read online free of charge, chapter by chapter,
at <a href="http://www.thelogician.net/" target="_blank">www.TheLogician.net</a> and, in '3D
flipbook' format, at <a href="http://www.avisionbooks.com/" target="_blank">www.AviSionBooks.com</a>,
as well as in <a href="https://www.google.com/search?lr=lang_en&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=%22Avi+Sion%22+inauthor:%22Avi+Sion%22&tbs=,bkv:p&num=30#lr=lang_en&q="Sion"+inauthor:"Avi+Sion"&start=0&tbm=bks&tbs=bkv:p,lr:lang_1en" target="_blank">Google Books</a> and other Internet locations. They are also available in many
university and public libraries.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h2>
Contents<o:p></o:p></h2>
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Chapter One - On the Concept of Mitzvah<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Judaic Logic (1995), chapter 13.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Basic Properties<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Complementary Factors<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->How to Count Mitzvot<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Commanded vs. Personal Morality<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Chapter Two - Karmic law<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Buddhist Illogic 2002), chapter 9.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Karmic Law Denied<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Empirical Observations<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Inductive Conclusions<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Chapter Three<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Phenomenology (2003), chapter 9 (section 4) and appendix 2.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Harmonizing Justice and Mercy<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Feelings of Emptiness<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Chapter Four - Further Analysis of Volition<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Volition and Allied Causal Concepts (2004), chapter 3.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Knowledge of Volition<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Freedom of the Will<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Decision and Choice<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Goals and Means<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Chapter Five - Consciousness and Responsibility<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Volition and Allied Causal Concepts (2004), chapter 4.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Consciousness in Volition<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Factors of Responsibility<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Judging, and Misjudging, People<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Six - Influence and Freedom<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Volition and Allied Causal Concepts (2004), chapter 5.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Influence Occurs via Consciousness<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Knowledge of Effort, Influence and Freedom<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Formal Analysis of Influence<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Incitement<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Seven - Further Analysis of Influence<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Volition and Allied Causal Concepts (2004), chapter 6.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Some Features of Influence<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Processes of Influence<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Instincts in Relation to Freewill<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Liberation from Unwanted Influences<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Propositions about the Future<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Eight<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Volition and Allied Causal Concepts (2004), chapter 8
(sections 2 & 3).<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Volition and Biology<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Therapeutic Psychology<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Nine - Will, Velleity and Whim<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Volition and Allied Causal Concepts (2004), chapter 9.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Cognition, Volition and Valuation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Velleity<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Whim<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Inner Divisions<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Ten - Affections and Appetites<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Volition and Allied Causal Concepts (2004), chapter 10.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Valuation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Main Valuations<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Ethology<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Eleven - Complications of Influence<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Volition and Allied Causal Concepts (2004), chapter 11.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Habits<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Obsessions and Compulsions<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Ego Abhors a Vacuum<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Twelve - Urges and Impulses<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Volition and Allied Causal Concepts (2004), chapter 12.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Physical Urges and Impulses<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Mental Urges and Impulses<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Formal Analysis of Physical and Mental Urges<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Are There Drives Within the Soul?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Formal Analysis of Spiritual Urges<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Thirteen - The Quasi-Purposive in Nature<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Volition and Allied Causal Concepts (2004), chapter 13.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Purposiveness<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Organic Functions<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Continuity of Life<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Fourteen - More about Evolution<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Volition and Allied Causal Concepts (2004), chapter 15
(sections 1 & 2).<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Social Darwinism<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Spiritual Darwinism<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Fifteen - Some Topics in Deontology<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Volition and Allied Causal Concepts (2004), chapter 17.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Founding Ethics<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Ethics Concerns the Living, Thinking, Willing<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Conscience and Conformism<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Tai Chi, Karma Yoga and Faith<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Sixteen - More Topics in Deontology<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Volition and Allied Causal Concepts (2004), chapter 18.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Inducing Ethics<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Ethical Formulas<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Philosophy of Law<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Seventeen<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Ruminations (2005), chapter 8 (sections 8 & 9).<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Against Kant on Freewill<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Alleged Influences<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Eighteen<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Meditations (2006), chapter 3 & chapter 8.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Goals of Meditation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Individual Self in Monism<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Nineteen<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Meditations (2006), chapter 12, chapter 13 & chapter 14.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Distinguishing the Ego<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Dismissing the Ego<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Relief from Suffering<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Twenty<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Meditations (2006), chapter 15 & chapter 16.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Taking Up the Challenge<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Face Facts with Equanimity<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Twenty-One<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Meditations (2006), chapter 17, chapter 18 & chapter 19.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Stop Substance Addictions<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Don’t Stuff Yourself Silly<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Limit Input from the Media<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Twenty-Two<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Meditations (2006), chapter 20, chapter 21 & chapter 22.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Forget Your Face<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Give Up Sensuality<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->On “Sexual Liberation”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Twenty-Three - Practice non-attachment<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Meditations (2006), chapter 23.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Attachment<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Non-attachment<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Wise Moderation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter Twenty-Four<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Logical and Spiritual Reflections (2008), Hume’s Problems
with Induction, chapter 6 & chapter 7 and addendum 2.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Freewill<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Is-Ought Dichotomy<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span><!--[endif]-->The Standards of Ethics<o:p></o:p></div>
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Chapter Twenty-Five<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Logical and Spiritual Reflections (2008), In Defense of
Aristotle’s Laws of Thought, chapter 20 & chapter 21.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Laws of Thought in Meditation<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span><!--[endif]-->Reason and Spirituality<o:p></o:p></div>
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Chapter Twenty-Six<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Logical and Spiritual Reflections (2008), More Meditations,
chapter 6 & chapter 9.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Mental Health<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span><!--[endif]-->Transcending Suffering and Karma<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Chapter Twenty-Seven<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Logical and Spiritual Reflections (2008), Zen Judaism,
chapter 8, chapter 9 & chapter 10.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Enlightenment Without Idolatry<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Good People<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span><!--[endif]-->A World of Mercy<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Chapter Twenty-Eight<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Logical and Spiritual Reflections (2008), Zen Judaism,
chapter 11, chapter 12 & chapter 13.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Understanding Injustice<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Forgiveness<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Actions and Reactions<o:p></o:p></div>
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References<o:p></o:p></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05289940617947981229noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4820595337756187039.post-67121648532278117292015-03-01T14:46:00.006+01:002015-03-01T14:46:44.616+01:00THE SELF - by Avi Sion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>THE SELF<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<i>A Thematic Compilation<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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Avi Sion, Ph. D.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKds9V_9SjdPAI6BFcpyi07M4Bvn2huDJJmP6nZdM7dxUdKjFZ13Z4g60FqNIdMmXipGIwk9tWr3c6KtKx-mIT2s0eAy_jwiBQ7P_MDgLPQ2zQBX8NewNzozV-945wecHIoWMamVGynlFZ/s1600/Self.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKds9V_9SjdPAI6BFcpyi07M4Bvn2huDJJmP6nZdM7dxUdKjFZ13Z4g60FqNIdMmXipGIwk9tWr3c6KtKx-mIT2s0eAy_jwiBQ7P_MDgLPQ2zQBX8NewNzozV-945wecHIoWMamVGynlFZ/s1600/Self.JPG" /></a></div>
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First Published, 2008.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h2>
Abstract<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<b><i>The Self</i></b> is an inquiry into the concepts of self, soul, person,
ego, consciousness, psyche and mind – ranging over phenomenology, logic,
epistemology, ontology, psychology, spirituality, meditation, ethics and
metaphysics.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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This book is a thematic compilation drawn from past works by
the author over a period of eighteen years.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h2>
Buy it or read it online<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<br /></div>
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All of Avi Sion’s published books can be purchased at <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Avi-Sion/e/B001K6ZTEA/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1422875909&sr=1-2-ent" target="_blank">Amazon.com</a>
(in paperback or kindle/.mobi form), and at <a href="http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/thelogicianbooks" target="_blank">Lulu.com</a> (in
hardcover, paperback or e-book/.epub form), as well as other online stores.<o:p></o:p></div>
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They can also be read online free of charge, chapter by chapter,
at <a href="http://www.thelogician.net/" target="_blank">www.TheLogician.net</a> and, in '3D
flipbook' format, at <a href="http://www.avisionbooks.com/" target="_blank">www.AviSionBooks.com</a>,
as well as in <a href="https://www.google.com/search?lr=lang_en&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=%22Avi+Sion%22+inauthor:%22Avi+Sion%22&tbs=,bkv:p&num=30#lr=lang_en&q="Sion"+inauthor:"Avi+Sion"&start=0&tbm=bks&tbs=bkv:p,lr:lang_1en" target="_blank">Google Books</a> and other Internet locations. They are also available in many
university and public libraries.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h2>
Contents<o:p></o:p></h2>
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Chapter One - Consciousness and the Mind<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Future Logic (1990), chapter 61.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Consciousness is a Relation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Kinds of Consciousness<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Mind<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Popular Psychology<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Chapter Two<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Buddhist Illogic (2002), chapter 11 & chapter 12.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Self or Soul.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Self-Knowledge.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Chapter Three<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Phenomenology (2003), chapter 1 (section 3) & chapter 5
(sections 1-3, 5-6).<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->To Be Or Not To Be<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Self<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Factors of the “Self”<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Identification-With<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Fallacious Criticisms of Selfhood<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->What “Emptiness” Might Be<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Chapter Four - The Workings of Volition<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Volition and Allied Causal Concepts (2004), chapter 7.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Cultural Context and Epistemological
Considerations<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Theoretical Context<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Stages in the Process of Volition<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Scope of Freewill<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Chapter Five<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Volition and Allied Causal Concepts (2004), chapter 11
(section 3) & chapter 16.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Ego Abhors a Vacuum<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Ungluing the Mind<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Abstract vs. Concrete Self<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Sundry Reflections on the Soul and God<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Chapter Six<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Meditations (2006), chapter 8 & chapter 9.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Individual Self in Monism<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Impression of Self<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Chapter Seven<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Meditations (2006), chapter 11, chapter 12 & chapter 13.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Not an Essence, but an Entity<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Distinguishing the Ego<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Dismissing the Ego<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Chapter Eight<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i>Drawn from Logical and Spiritual Reflections (2008), Hume’s Problems
with Induction, chapter 5 & chapter 11; In Defense of Aristotle’s Laws of
Thought, chapter 16.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Self or Soul<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Descartes’ Mind-Body Dichotomy<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Buddhist Denial of the Soul<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Chapter Nine<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Drawn from Logical and Spiritual Reflections (2008), More Meditations,
chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 7, chapter 10 & chapter 11; Zen Judaism,
chapter 8 (part).<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Self-Awareness<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Meditation on the Self<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Behold the Mind<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Buddhist No-Soul Theory<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Self and Enlightenment<o:p></o:p></div>
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References<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Figures<o:p></o:p></div>
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1. Material,
mental and spiritual domains<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2. Three types
of continuity<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3. Mapping the
process of volition<o:p></o:p></div>
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4. How
momentary subjects and objects give rise to abstractions<o:p></o:p></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05289940617947981229noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4820595337756187039.post-91855493483834997112015-03-01T13:07:00.005+01:002015-03-01T13:07:25.639+01:00HUME’S PROBLEMS WITH INDUCTION - by Avi Sion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>HUME’S PROBLEMS WITH
INDUCTION<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Avi Sion, Ph. D.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd5FjFB2mM49IMc3EbZPIff5bKlsPsdqiVCwaYnXNPqNrmg99F50WuPfJaTrYQuROjGH4OwqV0CApEkZWFCTRuzfBWlUduX6UaU9TehzLhJ2MVNf0bBcCNgtW6dNssICezS26zJ4Sung7V/s1600/Hume.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd5FjFB2mM49IMc3EbZPIff5bKlsPsdqiVCwaYnXNPqNrmg99F50WuPfJaTrYQuROjGH4OwqV0CApEkZWFCTRuzfBWlUduX6UaU9TehzLhJ2MVNf0bBcCNgtW6dNssICezS26zJ4Sung7V/s1600/Hume.JPG" /></a></div>
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First published, 2008-9.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<h2>
Abstract<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i>Hume’s Problems with Induction</i></b> is intended to describe and
refute some of the main doubts and objections David Hume raised with regard to
inductive reasoning. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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It replaces the so-called problem of induction with a
principle of induction. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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David Hume’s notorious skepticism was based on errors of
observation and reasoning, with regard to induction, causation, necessity, the
self and freewill.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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These are here pointed out and critically analyzed in detail
– and more accurate and logical theories are proposed. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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The present work also includes refutations of Hempel’s and
Goodman’s alleged paradoxes of induction.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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This book is drawn from the author’s larger work <i>Logical and Spiritual Reflections</i>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Buy it or read it online<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
All of Avi Sion’s published books can be purchased at <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Avi-Sion/e/B001K6ZTEA/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1422875909&sr=1-2-ent" target="_blank">Amazon.com</a>
(in paperback or kindle/.mobi form), and at <a href="http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/thelogicianbooks" target="_blank">Lulu.com</a> (in
hardcover, paperback or e-book/.epub form), as well as other online stores.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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They can also be read online free of charge, chapter by
chapter, at <a href="http://www.thelogician.net/" target="_blank">www.TheLogician.net</a> and,
in '3D flipbook' format, at <a href="http://www.avisionbooks.com/" target="_blank">www.AviSionBooks.com</a>,
as well as in <a href="https://www.google.com/search?lr=lang_en&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=%22Avi+Sion%22+inauthor:%22Avi+Sion%22&tbs=,bkv:p&num=30#lr=lang_en&q="Sion"+inauthor:"Avi+Sion"&start=0&tbm=bks&tbs=bkv:p,lr:lang_1en" target="_blank">Google Books</a> and other Internet locations. They are also available in many
university and public libraries.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Contents<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1. Hume’s
“problem of induction” <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2. The
principle of induction <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3. Causation,
necessity and connection <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
4. The
psychology of induction <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5. The self or
soul <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
6. Freewill <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
7. The is-ought
dichotomy <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
8. Hempel's
paradox of confirmation <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
9. Goodman’s
paradox of prediction <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
10. The induction
of induction <o:p></o:p></div>
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11. Descartes’
mind-body dichotomy <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12. Some further
remarks on causal logic<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Addenda<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Supplements<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
References<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4WVozS_KQ_HF5CeN_rsQe-18rd7MJjS38RMhbKZHYry5Ao0b6khe4zI4W3mAaNUqHW_iVnb2yZs8KcU8QonufyPH31Kiqc3HLZaIPcm-MTgee50hAkSZf9Eozcai-7dBqv5YyvMKUx87o/s1600/6_Hume.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4WVozS_KQ_HF5CeN_rsQe-18rd7MJjS38RMhbKZHYry5Ao0b6khe4zI4W3mAaNUqHW_iVnb2yZs8KcU8QonufyPH31Kiqc3HLZaIPcm-MTgee50hAkSZf9Eozcai-7dBqv5YyvMKUx87o/s1600/6_Hume.jpg" height="200" width="165" /></a></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 115%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">David
Hume (Scotland, 1711-76).<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05289940617947981229noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4820595337756187039.post-42419644701321731102015-03-01T13:03:00.002+01:002015-03-01T13:03:32.428+01:00A SHORT CRITIQUE OF KANT’S UNREASON - by Avi Sion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>A SHORT CRITIQUE OF
KANT’S UNREASON<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CH">Avi
Sion, Ph. D.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CH"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzeqamEWY-P4XtYE9jcQdKYwnoYMEYI0kJbC9wzPo5X6aoUU3faGeq3-NisKFb3UILL1zWSquQTVieTU_CDMv6RpS6arZJ5Su_WqsNunRp3CdZfbjqP6Oh43WzXLfN4uPQOHVwfQvsw0SH/s1600/Kant.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzeqamEWY-P4XtYE9jcQdKYwnoYMEYI0kJbC9wzPo5X6aoUU3faGeq3-NisKFb3UILL1zWSquQTVieTU_CDMv6RpS6arZJ5Su_WqsNunRp3CdZfbjqP6Oh43WzXLfN4uPQOHVwfQvsw0SH/s1600/Kant.JPG" /></a></div>
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First published, 2008-9.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Abstract<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i>A Short Critique of Kant’s Unreason</i></b> is a brief critical
analysis of some of the salient epistemological and ontological ideas and
theses in Immanuel Kant’s famous <i>Critique
of Pure Reason</i>. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It shows that Kant was in no position to criticize reason,
because he neither sufficiently understood its workings nor had the logical
tools needed for the task.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kant’s transcendental reality, his analytic-synthetic
dichotomy, his views on experience and concept formation, and on the forms of
sensibility (space and time) and understanding (his twelve categories), are
here all subjected to rigorous logical evaluation and found deeply flawed – and
more coherent theories are proposed in their stead.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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This essay is drawn from the author’s earlier book <i>Logical and Spiritual Reflections</i>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Buy it or read it online<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
All of Avi Sion’s published books can be purchased at <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Avi-Sion/e/B001K6ZTEA/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1422875909&sr=1-2-ent" target="_blank">Amazon.com</a>
(in paperback or kindle/.mobi form), and at <a href="http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/thelogicianbooks" target="_blank">Lulu.com</a> (in
hardcover, paperback or e-book/.epub form), as well as other online stores.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
They can also be read online free of charge, chapter by
chapter, at <a href="http://www.thelogician.net/" target="_blank">www.TheLogician.net</a> and,
in '3D flipbook' format, at <a href="http://www.avisionbooks.com/" target="_blank">www.AviSionBooks.com</a>,
as well as in <a href="https://www.google.com/search?lr=lang_en&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=%22Avi+Sion%22+inauthor:%22Avi+Sion%22&tbs=,bkv:p&num=30#lr=lang_en&q="Sion"+inauthor:"Avi+Sion"&start=0&tbm=bks&tbs=bkv:p,lr:lang_1en" target="_blank">Google Books</a> and other Internet locations. They are also available in many
university and public libraries.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Contents<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1. Kant’s
transcendental reality <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2. The
analytic-synthetic dichotomy <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3. Theory of
knowledge <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
4. Experience,
space and time <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5. Kant’s
“categories” <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
6. Ratiocinations
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
7. How numbers
arise <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
8. Geometrical
logic<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Addenda<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Supplements<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
References<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Immanuel Kant (Germany,
1724-1804).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<h2>
Further description<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<br /></div>
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My writing the present essay focusing on some of Kant’s
illogical views should not of course be construed as a rejection of everything
he says. I regard many of his contributions as very interesting and instructive.
Moreover, I am well aware that a philosophical system as broad and complex as
Kant’s cannot be treated fairly in a few pages, particularly without claim to
expertise in Kant’s philosophy. All I hope to do here is roughly sketch some of
his basic ideas, and give my logical comments in relation to them. Many of
these comments are, I think, original, and that is why I feel some urgency in
writing them down. Of course, it would be nice if one day I have the courage to
take up the daunting task of writing a large and detailed book on Kant’s
thought, but in the meantime this brief exposé will have to do.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05289940617947981229noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4820595337756187039.post-14900714956191121762015-03-01T12:59:00.002+01:002015-03-01T13:08:32.131+01:00IN DEFENSE OF ARISTOTLE’S LAWS OF THOUGHT - by Avi Sion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>IN DEFENSE OF
ARISTOTLE’S LAWS OF THOUGHT<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CH">Avi
Sion, Ph. D.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CH"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
First published, 2008-9.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Abstract<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i>In Defense of Aristotle’s Laws of Thought</i></b> addresses, from a
phenomenological standpoint, numerous modern and Buddhist objections and
misconceptions regarding the basic principles of Aristotelian logic.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Many people seem to be attacking Aristotle’s Laws of Thought
nowadays, some coming from the West and some from the East. It is important to
review and refute such ideas as they arise.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This book is drawn from the author’s larger work <i>Logical and Spiritual Reflections</i>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Buy it or read it online<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
All of Avi Sion’s published books can be purchased at <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Avi-Sion/e/B001K6ZTEA/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1422875909&sr=1-2-ent" target="_blank">Amazon.com</a>
(in paperback or kindle/.mobi form), and at <a href="http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/thelogicianbooks" target="_blank">Lulu.com</a> (in
hardcover, paperback or e-book/.epub form), as well as other online stores.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
They can also be read online free of charge, chapter by
chapter, at <a href="http://www.thelogician.net/" target="_blank">www.TheLogician.net</a> and,
in '3D flipbook' format, at <a href="http://www.avisionbooks.com/" target="_blank">www.AviSionBooks.com</a>,
as well as in <a href="https://www.google.com/search?lr=lang_en&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=%22Avi+Sion%22+inauthor:%22Avi+Sion%22&tbs=,bkv:p&num=30#lr=lang_en&q="Sion"+inauthor:"Avi+Sion"&start=0&tbm=bks&tbs=bkv:p,lr:lang_1en" target="_blank">Google Books</a> and other Internet locations. They are also available in many
university and public libraries.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Contents<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1. Logicians
have to introspect <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2. The primacy
of the laws of thought <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3. The
ontological status of the laws <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
4. Fuzzy logic <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5. Misrepresentation
of Aristotle <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
6. Not on the
geometrical model <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
7. A poisonous
brew <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
8. The game of
one-upmanship <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
9. In Buddhist
discourse <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
10. Calling what
is not a spade a spade <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
11. Buddhist
causation theory <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12. A formal
logic of change <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
13. Buddhist
critique of change <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
14. Different
strata of knowledge <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
15. Impermanence <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
16. Buddhist
denial of the soul <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
17. The status of
sense perceptions <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
18. The status of
dreams and daydreams <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
19. The status of
conceptions <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
20. The laws of
thought in meditation <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
21. Reason and
spirituality<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
References<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlCDJUYoYm1zRZSewQtG2o5yhd60thGgF0SGn7kqeBv2zJVk75ODdldSERvVSuPKNzF2198ep4RE2LWiVz9HU3P7Nf1qQ_fAIR2sXDccZm7Nt-AHKbgMU2NFE92kuiXCy-YjNJX51fSmcY/s1600/6_Aristotle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlCDJUYoYm1zRZSewQtG2o5yhd60thGgF0SGn7kqeBv2zJVk75ODdldSERvVSuPKNzF2198ep4RE2LWiVz9HU3P7Nf1qQ_fAIR2sXDccZm7Nt-AHKbgMU2NFE92kuiXCy-YjNJX51fSmcY/s1600/6_Aristotle.jpg" height="200" width="160" /></a></div>
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visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
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<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
Aristotle
(Greece, 384-322 BCE)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05289940617947981229noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4820595337756187039.post-52290867202852722222015-03-01T12:56:00.000+01:002015-03-01T12:56:02.049+01:00MORE MEDITATIONS - by Avi Sion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>MORE MEDITATIONS<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Avi Sion, Ph. D.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNiLj0GJtp99AeC_uASyUhElp1bdrdnwNpgQwpAlPRYSqpz2dC03SjnxXpy9k3wGfUYVlu3gtow-5L0N7cEgn6Mjqn_5AkQzDCHEk_Sx16n3-Ni3watuieAPKEpfxnN_XpV9Deioklvxze/s1600/MM.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNiLj0GJtp99AeC_uASyUhElp1bdrdnwNpgQwpAlPRYSqpz2dC03SjnxXpy9k3wGfUYVlu3gtow-5L0N7cEgn6Mjqn_5AkQzDCHEk_Sx16n3-Ni3watuieAPKEpfxnN_XpV9Deioklvxze/s1600/MM.JPG" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
First published, 2008-9.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Abstract<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i>More Meditations</i></b> is a sequel to the author’s earlier work, <i>Meditations</i>. It proposes additional
practical methods and theoretical insights relating to meditation and Buddhism.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It also discusses certain often glossed over issues relating
to Buddhism – notably, historicity, idolatry, messianism, importation to the
West.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This book is drawn from the author’s larger work <i>Logical and Spiritual Reflections</i>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Buy it or read it online<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
All of Avi Sion’s published books can be purchased at <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Avi-Sion/e/B001K6ZTEA/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1422875909&sr=1-2-ent" target="_blank">Amazon.com</a>
(in paperback or kindle/.mobi form), and at <a href="http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/thelogicianbooks" target="_blank">Lulu.com</a> (in
hardcover, paperback or e-book/.epub form), as well as other online stores.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
They can also be read online free of charge, chapter by
chapter, at <a href="http://www.thelogician.net/" target="_blank">www.TheLogician.net</a> and,
in '3D flipbook' format, at <a href="http://www.avisionbooks.com/" target="_blank">www.AviSionBooks.com</a>,
as well as in <a href="https://www.google.com/search?lr=lang_en&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=%22Avi+Sion%22+inauthor:%22Avi+Sion%22&tbs=,bkv:p&num=30#lr=lang_en&q="Sion"+inauthor:"Avi+Sion"&start=0&tbm=bks&tbs=bkv:p,lr:lang_1en" target="_blank">Google Books</a> and other Internet locations. They are also available in many
university and public libraries.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Contents<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1. Go directly
and keep going <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2. Breath and
thought awareness <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3. Self-awareness
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
4. Meditation
on the self <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5. Various
remarks on meditation <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
6. Mental
health <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
7. Behold the
mind <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
8. The four
foundations and the core practice <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
9. Transcending
suffering and karma <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
10. Behold the
soul <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
11. The Buddhist
no-soul theory <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12. Buddhist
historicity <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
13. About
Buddhist idolatry <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
14. Buddhist
messianism <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
15. Assimilating
Buddhism<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Addenda<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Supplements<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
References<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05289940617947981229noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4820595337756187039.post-48532621955107368232015-03-01T12:52:00.007+01:002015-03-01T12:52:45.374+01:00ZEN JUDAISM - by Avi Sion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="FR-CH">ZEN JUDAISM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CH">Avi
Sion, Ph. D.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CH"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6nMmt8wpZ7fUc4QMMKHwQytmgAeG6FIcJauEjA99-jaMhEvYvkTcFeWGe8o5rqxevBhb4qKLOBvg24n6hTY9xqioDBRrsuDb3zy7JkivONfRvmLTo3GQ09ijRPpjVLCE5tR1bWK4eQRG-/s1600/ZJ.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6nMmt8wpZ7fUc4QMMKHwQytmgAeG6FIcJauEjA99-jaMhEvYvkTcFeWGe8o5rqxevBhb4qKLOBvg24n6hTY9xqioDBRrsuDb3zy7JkivONfRvmLTo3GQ09ijRPpjVLCE5tR1bWK4eQRG-/s1600/ZJ.JPG" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
First published, 2008-9.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Abstract<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Zen
Judaism</i></b> is a frank reflection on the tensions between reason and faith
in today’s context of knowledge, and on the need to inject Zen-like meditation
into Judaism.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">This work also treats some issues in ethics and
theodicy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
This
book is drawn from the author’s larger work <i>Logical
and Spiritual Reflections</i>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Buy it or read it online<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
All of Avi Sion’s published books can be purchased at <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Avi-Sion/e/B001K6ZTEA/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1422875909&sr=1-2-ent" target="_blank">Amazon.com</a>
(in paperback or kindle/.mobi form), and at <a href="http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/thelogicianbooks" target="_blank">Lulu.com</a> (in
hardcover, paperback or e-book/.epub form), as well as other online stores.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
They can also be read online free of charge, chapter by
chapter, at <a href="http://www.thelogician.net/" target="_blank">www.TheLogician.net</a> and,
in '3D flipbook' format, at <a href="http://www.avisionbooks.com/" target="_blank">www.AviSionBooks.com</a>,
as well as in <a href="https://www.google.com/search?lr=lang_en&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=%22Avi+Sion%22+inauthor:%22Avi+Sion%22&tbs=,bkv:p&num=30#lr=lang_en&q="Sion"+inauthor:"Avi+Sion"&start=0&tbm=bks&tbs=bkv:p,lr:lang_1en" target="_blank">GoogleBooks</a> and other Internet locations. They are also available in many
university and public libraries.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Contents<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1. God and
Creation <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2. Torah and
faith <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3. Bible text
and commentary<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
4. Tradition
vs. innovation <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5. The
rabbinical estate <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
6. Judaic
illogic <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
7. Jewish
meditation <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
8. Enlightenment
without idolatry <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
9. Good people <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
10. A world of
mercy <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
11. Understanding
injustice <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12. Forgiveness<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
13. Actions and
reactions <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Appendices<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Round numbers in Torah
statistics<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Prayer in uncertainty<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Addenda<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Logic in Defense of
Zionism<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Chanukah lights
miracle<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
References<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Further description<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>Wise men think out their thoughts; fools proclaim them.</i>
(H. Heine)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
I
have no desire or intent to weaken or destroy Judaism; if anything, quite the
contrary, I wish to strengthen and save it. But I regard that objective facts
and rigorous logic must imperatively be taken into consideration; they cannot
just be ignored, as some try to do. Some retreat is often necessary; but
retreat is not defeat. There is much to be gained by adopting a “Zen attitude”
in the face of this necessary adaptation to reality. That is to say, by looking
on unpleasant truths in the way a meditator looks upon change and disturbance.
Unperturbed, cool, without resistance, with equanimity.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05289940617947981229noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4820595337756187039.post-89939849613130513962015-03-01T12:50:00.003+01:002015-03-01T12:53:30.698+01:00NO TO SODOM - by Avi Sion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>NO TO SODOM<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Avi Sion, Ph. D.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHZDXQnbWOJvcVjnaMo5PFsONyG2sMgIdWv5dPKnfwxQs9LDR4DCQg47foa2NzS0zvwtKhpujqhjnP1rR-pOM68XxgxnlEajU-0YYTSOAl-Of8u2OCXLNnywVzOHoMRpz91nyIUKvZb9JH/s1600/NtoS.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHZDXQnbWOJvcVjnaMo5PFsONyG2sMgIdWv5dPKnfwxQs9LDR4DCQg47foa2NzS0zvwtKhpujqhjnP1rR-pOM68XxgxnlEajU-0YYTSOAl-Of8u2OCXLNnywVzOHoMRpz91nyIUKvZb9JH/s1600/NtoS.JPG" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
First published, 2008-9.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Abstract<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>No
to Sodom</i></b> is an essay against homosexuality, using biological,
psychological, spiritual, ethical and political arguments.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
This
book is drawn from the author’s larger work <i>Logical
and Spiritual Reflections</i>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Buy it or read it online<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
All of Avi Sion’s published books can be purchased at <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Avi-Sion/e/B001K6ZTEA/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1422875909&sr=1-2-ent" target="_blank">Amazon.com</a>
(in paperback or kindle/.mobi form), and at <a href="http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/thelogicianbooks" target="_blank">Lulu.com</a> (in
hardcover, paperback or e-book/.epub form), as well as other online stores.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
They can also be read online free of charge, chapter by
chapter, at <a href="http://www.thelogician.net/" target="_blank">www.TheLogician.net</a> and,
in '3D flipbook' format, at <a href="http://www.avisionbooks.com/" target="_blank">www.AviSionBooks.com</a>,
as well as in <a href="https://www.google.com/search?lr=lang_en&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=%22Avi+Sion%22+inauthor:%22Avi+Sion%22&tbs=,bkv:p&num=30#lr=lang_en&q="Sion"+inauthor:"Avi+Sion"&start=0&tbm=bks&tbs=bkv:p,lr:lang_1en" target="_blank">Google Books</a> and other Internet locations. They are also available in many
university and public libraries.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Contents<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1. Picking up
the gauntlet <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2. Homosexuals
defined <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3. Homosexual
tendencies <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
4. The
biological role of sex <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5. Non-reproductive
sex <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
6. Deviance and
suffering <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
7. Some
probable causes <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
8. Changing
rationalizations <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
9. It is freely
chosen <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
10. Sensuality
and perversion <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
11. Spiritual
impurity <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12. The essence
of sodomy <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
13. A social
revolution <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
14. The defenders
and promoters of homosexuality <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
15. Some legal
issues <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
16. A call for
recovery <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
17. (<i>Annex</i>) The Rabbis must ban homosexuals
from Judaism<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
18. (<i>Supplement</i>) Philosophy of law<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05289940617947981229noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4820595337756187039.post-11721805290941011562015-03-01T12:43:00.003+01:002015-03-01T12:47:38.612+01:00LOGICAL AND SPIRITUAL REFLECTIONS - by Avi Sion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>LOGICAL AND SPIRITUAL REFLECTIONS</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Avi Sion, Ph. D.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7OU5HKxJE6KcJ_QDXLacNRy9DG4aR0o6GH7MhwFp5d70dGYIFL_-I9XlFXjp8z1RbAC4hr8XyeH7cS6DsEFwBbIyhas1UAVOVw4H7Xia_k9cpRowgD7wZuvJpZbPXnRUXqiSZMBMNHN93/s1600/LSR.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7OU5HKxJE6KcJ_QDXLacNRy9DG4aR0o6GH7MhwFp5d70dGYIFL_-I9XlFXjp8z1RbAC4hr8XyeH7cS6DsEFwBbIyhas1UAVOVw4H7Xia_k9cpRowgD7wZuvJpZbPXnRUXqiSZMBMNHN93/s1600/LSR.JPG" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
First published, 2008. Revised and
expanded edition, 2009.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Abstract<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Logical
and Spiritual Reflections</i> is a collection of six shorter philosophical
works, in two parts.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The first part, consisting of <b>Logical
Reflections</b>, includes: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hume’s
Problems with Induction</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,
which is intended to describe and refute some of the main doubts and objections
David Hume raised with regard to inductive reasoning. It replaces the so-called
problem of induction with a principle of induction. David Hume’s notorious
skepticism was based on errors of observation and reasoning, with regard to
induction, causation, necessity, the self and freewill. These are here pointed
out and critically analyzed in detail – and more accurate and logical theories
are proposed. This work also includes refutations of Hempel’s and Goodman’s
alleged paradoxes of induction.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i>A Short Critique of Kant’s Unreason</i></b>,
which is a brief critical analysis of
some of the salient epistemological and ontological ideas and theses in Immanuel Kant’s famous
Critique of Pure Reason. It shows that
Kant was in no position to criticize reason, because he neither sufficiently
understood its workings nor had the logical tools needed for the task. Kant’s
transcendental reality, his analytic-synthetic dichotomy, his views on
experience and concept formation, and on the forms of sensibility (space and
time) and understanding (his twelve categories), are here all subjected to
rigorous logical evaluation and found deeply flawed – and more coherent
theories are proposed in their stead.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i>In Defense of Aristotle’s Laws of Thought</i></b>,
which addresses, from a phenomenological standpoint, numerous modern and
Buddhist objections and misconceptions regarding the basic principles of
Aristotelian logic. Many people seem to be attacking Aristotle’s Laws of
Thought nowadays, some coming from the West and some from the East. It is
important to review and refute such ideas as they arise.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The second part, consisting of <b>Spiritual
Reflections</b>, includes: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i>More Meditations</i></b>, which is a
sequel to the author’s earlier work, <i>Meditations</i>.
It proposes additional practical methods and theoretical insights relating to
meditation and Buddhism. It also discusses certain often glossed over issues
relating to Buddhism – notably, historicity, idolatry, messianism, importation
to the West.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i>Zen Judaism</i></b>, which is a frank
reflection on the tensions between reason and faith in today’s context of
knowledge, and on the need to inject Zen-like meditation into Judaism. This
work also treats some issues in ethics and theodicy.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i>No to Sodom</i></b>, which is an essay
against homosexuality, using biological, psychological, spiritual, ethical and
political arguments.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Buy it or read it online<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
All of Avi Sion’s published books can be purchased at <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Avi-Sion/e/B001K6ZTEA/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1422875909&sr=1-2-ent" target="_blank">Amazon.com</a>
(in paperback or kindle/.mobi form), and at <a href="http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/thelogicianbooks" target="_blank">Lulu.com</a> (in
hardcover, paperback or e-book/.epub form), as well as other online stores.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
They can also be read online free of charge, chapter by
chapter, at <a href="http://www.thelogician.net/" target="_blank">www.TheLogician.net</a> and,
in '3D flipbook' format, at <a href="http://www.avisionbooks.com/" target="_blank">www.AviSionBooks.com</a>,
as well as in <a href="https://www.google.com/search?lr=lang_en&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=%22Avi+Sion%22+inauthor:%22Avi+Sion%22&tbs=,bkv:p&num=30#lr=lang_en&q="Sion"+inauthor:"Avi+Sion"&start=0&tbm=bks&tbs=bkv:p,lr:lang_1en" target="_blank">Google Books</a> and other Internet locations. They are also available in many
university and public libraries.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Contents in brief<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
PART 1: LOGICAL
REFLECTIONS<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Book 1. Hume’s Problems with Induction <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Book 2. A Short Critique of Kant’s Unreason <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Book 3. In Defense of Aristotle’s Laws of Thought <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
PART 2: SPIRITUAL
REFLECTIONS<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Book 4. More Meditations <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Book 5. Zen Judaism <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Book 6. No to Sodom <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Addenda<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Contents in detail<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Part 1: Logical
Reflections<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
BOOK 1. HUME’S
PROBLEMS WITH INDUCTION <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
1. Hume’s “problem of induction” <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
2. The principle of induction <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
3. Causation, necessity and connection <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
4. The psychology of induction <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
5. The self or soul <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
6. Freewill <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
7. The is-ought dichotomy <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
8. Hempel's paradox of confirmation <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
9. Goodman’s paradox of prediction <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
10. The induction of induction <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
11. Descartes’ mind-body dichotomy <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
12. Some further remarks on causal logic<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
BOOK 2. A SHORT
CRITIQUE OF KANT’S UNREASON <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
1. Kant’s transcendental reality <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
2. The analytic-synthetic dichotomy <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
3. Theory of knowledge <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
4. Experience, space and time <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
5. Kant’s “categories” <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
6. Ratiocinations <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
7. How numbers arise <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
8. Geometrical logic<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
BOOK 3. IN
DEFENSE OF ARISTOTLE’S LAWS OF THOUGHT <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
1. Logicians have to introspect <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
2. The primacy of the laws of thought <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
3. The ontological status of the laws <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
4. Fuzzy logic <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
5. Misrepresentation of Aristotle <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
6. Not on the geometrical model <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
7. A poisonous brew <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
8. The game of one-upmanship <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
9. In Buddhist discourse <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
10. Calling what is not a spade a spade <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
11. Buddhist causation theory <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
12. A formal logic of change <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
13. Buddhist critique of change <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
14. Different strata of knowledge <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
15. Impermanence <o:p></o:p></div>
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16. Buddhist denial of the soul <o:p></o:p></div>
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17. The status of sense perceptions <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
18. The status of dreams and daydreams <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
19. The status of conceptions <o:p></o:p></div>
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20. The laws of thought in meditation <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
21. Reason and spirituality<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Part 2: Spiritual
Reflections<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
BOOK 4. MORE
MEDITATIONS <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
1. Go directly and keep going <o:p></o:p></div>
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2. Breath and thought awareness <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
3. Self-awareness <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
4. Meditation on the self <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
5. Various remarks on meditation <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
6. Mental health <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
7. Behold the mind <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
8. The four foundations and the core practice <o:p></o:p></div>
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9. Transcending suffering and karma <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
10. Behold the soul <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
11. The Buddhist no-soul theory <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
12. Buddhist historicity <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
13. About Buddhist idolatry <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
14. Buddhist messianism <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
15. Assimilating Buddhism<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
BOOK 5. ZEN
JUDAISM <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
1. God and Creation <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
2. Torah and faith <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
3. Bible text and commentary<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
4. Tradition vs. innovation <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
5. The rabbinical estate <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
6. Judaic illogic <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
7. Jewish meditation <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
8. Enlightenment without idolatry <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
9. Good people <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
10. A world of mercy <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
11. Understanding injustice <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
12. Forgiveness<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
13. Actions and reactions <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Appendix 1. Round numbers in Torah statistics<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Appendix 2. Prayer in uncertainty<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
BOOK 6. NO TO
SODOM <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
1. Picking up the gauntlet <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
2. Homosexuals defined <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
3. Homosexual tendencies <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
4. The biological role of sex <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
5. Non-reproductive sex <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
6. Deviance and suffering <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
7. Some probable causes <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
8. Changing rationalizations <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
9. It is freely chosen <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
10. Sensuality and perversion <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
11. Spiritual impurity <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
12. The essence of sodomy <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
13. A social revolution <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
14. The defenders and promoters of homosexuality <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
15. Some legal issues <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
16. A call for recovery <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
17. (<i>Annex</i>) The Rabbis
must ban homosexuals from Judaism<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
ADDENDA </div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Logic in Defense of
Zionism<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Chanukah Lights
Miracle<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">(These six books
can also be purchased separately.)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05289940617947981229noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4820595337756187039.post-10090316673784881642015-02-26T14:25:00.003+01:002015-03-01T12:47:27.027+01:00MEDITATIONS - by Avi Sion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>MEDITATIONS</b>:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>A Spiritual Logbook.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Avi Sion, Ph. D.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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First published, 2006.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<h2>
Abstract<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A meditation is a voluntary exercise intended to increase
awareness, sustained over some time.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The main purpose of the present Meditations is to inspire
and assist readers to practice meditation of some sort, and in particular
‘sitting meditation’.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This includes practices such as: observing the mechanisms of
one’s thinking, stopping unnecessary thought, forgetting things about one’s
self and one’s life that are irrelevant to the current effort of meditation,
dealing with distractions, becoming aware of one’s breath, being here and now.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After such practice for some time, one gets to realize the
value of meditation, and one’s commitment to it grows. The need for behavioral
improvement becomes more and more obvious, and one finds it easy and natural to
put more discipline into one’s life. Various recommendations are given in this
regard.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Prior to such practical guidance, so as to prepare the
reader for it, the book reviews the theoretical teachings relating to
meditation in the main traditions of mankind. The ultimate goals of meditation,
the various methods or techniques used to achieve them, the experiential
results of meditation, and the interpretations given to them, are topics
treated here.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Buy it or read it online<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
All of Avi Sion’s published books can be purchased at <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Avi-Sion/e/B001K6ZTEA/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1422875909&sr=1-2-ent" target="_blank">Amazon.com</a>
(in paperback or kindle/.mobi form), and at <a href="http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/thelogicianbooks" target="_blank">Lulu.com</a> (in
hardcover, paperback or e-book/.epub form), as well as other online stores.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
They can also be read online free of charge, chapter by
chapter, at <a href="http://www.thelogician.net/" target="_blank">www.TheLogician.net</a> and,
in '3D flipbook' format, at <a href="http://www.avisionbooks.com/" target="_blank">www.AviSionBooks.com</a>,
as well as in <a href="https://www.google.com/search?lr=lang_en&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=%22Avi+Sion%22+inauthor:%22Avi+Sion%22&tbs=,bkv:p&num=30#lr=lang_en&q="Sion"+inauthor:"Avi+Sion"&start=0&tbm=bks&tbs=bkv:p,lr:lang_1en" target="_blank">Google Books</a> and other Internet locations. They are also available in many
university and public libraries.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Contents in brief<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Part 1: Some Theoretical Considerations<o:p></o:p></div>
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Part 2: Understanding The Self<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Part 3: Some Behavioral Disciplines<o:p></o:p></div>
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Part 4: Some Sitting Meditations<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Contents in detail<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
PART 1: SOME THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">What is meditation?<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Thought and meditation<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The goals of meditation<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Theory and practice<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Interpretations<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The coexistence of the One
and the many<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Methods and experiences<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
PART 2: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="8" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">The individual self in
Monism<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The impression of
self <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Impermanence: the concept
and the principle<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Not an essence, but an
entity<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Distinguishing the ego<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Dismissing the ego<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Relief from suffering<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
PART 3: SOME BEHAVIORAL DISCIPLINES<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="15" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Taking up the challenge<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Face facts with equanimity<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Stop substance addictions<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Don’t stuff yourself silly<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Limit input from the media<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Forget your face<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Give up sensuality<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">On “sexual liberation”<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Practice non-attachment<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
PART 4: SOME SITTING MEDITATIONS<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="24" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Time, place and posture<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Observe the mechanisms of
thought<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Stop unnecessary thinking<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Dealing with distractions<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Sitting forgetting<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Breath awareness<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Being here and now<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">With or without a self<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Whether mind or matter<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Already there<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(See also the sequel to this work: <i>More Meditations</i>)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05289940617947981229noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4820595337756187039.post-24162055800102145662015-02-26T14:16:00.003+01:002015-03-01T12:47:16.869+01:00RUMINATIONS - by Avi Sion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>RUMINATIONS</b>:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>Sundry notes and
essays on Logic.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Avi Sion, Ph. D.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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First published, 2005. Expanded edition, same year.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<h2>
Abstract<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i>Ruminations
</i></b>is a collection of sundry notes and essays on
Logic. These complement and enrich the author’s past writings, further
analyzing or reviewing certain issues.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Among
the many topics covered are: <o:p></o:p></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">the importance of the laws
of thought, and how they are applied using the logic of paradox; <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">details of formal logic,
including some important new insights on the nesting, merger and splitting
up of hypothetical propositions;<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">details of causal logic,
including analogical reasoning from cause to cause;<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">a cutting-edge
phenomenological analysis of negation.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
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Additionally,
this volume is used to publish a number of notes and essays previously only
posted in the Internet site The Logician, including a history of Jewish logic
and an analysis of Islamic logic.</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h2>
Buy it or read it online<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<br /></div>
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All of Avi Sion’s published books can be purchased at <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Avi-Sion/e/B001K6ZTEA/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1422875909&sr=1-2-ent" target="_blank">Amazon.com</a>
(in paperback or kindle/.mobi form), and at <a href="http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/thelogicianbooks" target="_blank">Lulu.com</a> (in
hardcover, paperback or e-book/.epub form), as well as other online stores.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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They can also be read online free of charge, chapter by
chapter, at <a href="http://www.thelogician.net/" target="_blank">www.TheLogician.net</a> and,
in '3D flipbook' format, at <a href="http://www.avisionbooks.com/" target="_blank">www.AviSionBooks.com</a>,
as well as in <a href="https://www.google.com/search?lr=lang_en&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=%22Avi+Sion%22+inauthor:%22Avi+Sion%22&tbs=,bkv:p&num=30#lr=lang_en&q="Sion"+inauthor:"Avi+Sion"&start=0&tbm=bks&tbs=bkv:p,lr:lang_1en" target="_blank">Google Books</a> and other Internet locations. They are also available in many
university and public libraries.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<h2>
Contents in brief<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->About
the Laws of Thought<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->About
Induction<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->About
Words<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->About
Formal Logic<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->About
Paradoxes<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->About
“Modern Logic”<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->About
Cognitive Development<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->About
Causal Logic<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->About
Negation<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Jewish
Logic: A Brief History and Evaluation<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Islamic
Logic<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Logical
Aspects of Foucault's "Archeology"<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->13.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Comments
on 3 chapters of Foucault<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->14.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Bolzano's
Semantics Concepts<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h2>
Contents in detail<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->ABOUT THE LAWS OF THOUGHT<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Dialectical Reasoning<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Genesis of Axioms<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Paradoxical Propositions<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Contradiction<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Varieties of Contradiction<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Double Standards<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Special Status of the Laws<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Motors of Rational Thought<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Cogito, Ergo Sum<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Concerning Identity<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->ABOUT INDUCTION<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Critical
thought<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Misappropriation<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Evidence<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Detail<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Seems
and Is<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Adduction<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pertinence<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Trial
and Error<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Field
Specific<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The
Human Factor<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Theorizing<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Approaching
Reality<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->13.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Experiment<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->14.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The
Uncertainty Principle<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->15.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Epistemic
Ethics<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->16.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Phenomenology<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->17.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Appearance,
Reality and Illusion<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->18.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Existence
and Non-existence<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->19.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Philosophy
and Religion<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->ABOUT WORDS<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Meaning<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Traditional
Distinctions<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Logic
and Linguistics<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Dialogue<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Poles
of Duality<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->ABOUT FORMAL LOGIC<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Form
and Content<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Singular
Subject<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Special
Forms<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Fuzzy
Logic<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Added
Determinants<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Relational
Expressions<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Disjunction<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Material
and Strict Implication<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Nesting
of Hypotheticals<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Compound
Theses<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Validation
of Nesting<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Brackets
in Logic<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->ABOUT PARADOXES<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->On
the Liar Paradox<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Making
No Claim<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Nagarjuna’s
Trickery<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Non-apprehension
of Non-things<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->A
Formal Impossibility<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The
Analytic/Synthetic Dichotomy<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->On
the Russell Paradox<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->An
Illustration of Russell’s<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->On
Grelling’s Paradox<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->ABOUT “MODERN LOGIC”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->A
School of Logicians<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Alleged
New Methods<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FR-CH">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FR-CH">Non-Aristotelian
“Logic”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FR-CH">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FR-CH">Postmodern
“Logic”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Mere
Manipulations<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Thinking
Reflexively<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Conventional
Logic<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Absolute
Truths<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Untouched
by Consciousness<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Logical
Atomism<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Exclusive
Judgments<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Empty
Terms<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->ABOUT COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The
Fourth R<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Empirical
Studies<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Piaget’s
Model<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Piaget’s
Experiments<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Lines
of Inquiry<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Experimental
Techniques<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Private
Languages<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->ABOUT CAUSAL LOGIC<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Induction
of Causatives<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->True
of All Opposites<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Extensional
to Natural<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Hume’s
Denials<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Hume’s
Mentalism<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Constant
Conjunction<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Billiard
Balls<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Against
Kant on Freewill<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Alleged
Influences<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Analogical
Inferences<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->ABOUT NEGATION<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Negation
in Adduction<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Positive
and Negative Phenomena<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Positive
Experience Precedes Negation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Negation
is an Intention<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Formal
Consequences<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Negation
and the Laws Of Thought<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pure
Experience<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Consistency
is Natural<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Status
of the Logic of Causation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Zero,
One and More<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Psychology
of Negation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Negation
in Meditation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->JEWISH LOGIC: A BRIEF HISTORY AND EVALUATION<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Introduction<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Traditional
Claims and Historical Record<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Comparisons
and Assessments<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->ISLAMIC LOGIC<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The
Structure of Islamic Law<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Islamic
Hermeneutics<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Interpreters<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->LOGICAL ASPECTS OF FOUCAULT’S ARCHEOLOGY<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Slippery<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Catch
Him<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Healing<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->13.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->COMMENTS ON 3 CHAPTERS OF FOUCAULT<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l13 level2 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Las
Meninas<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l13 level2 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The
Prose of the World<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l13 level2 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Representing<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->14.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->BOLZANO’S SEMANTICS CONCEPTS<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->“Propositions-in-Themselves”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->“Ideas-in-Themselves”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The
Issue of Time<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">(Note: As of 2008, the
section headings in chapters 1-9 were added in for the reader’s convenience.
Moreover, three essays originally included in this book were omitted from it,
viz.: “J. S. Mill’s Methods” (2005), which was put with <i>The Logic of Causation</i>; and “Addenda to Judaic Logic” (1997-2005)
and “Diagrams for Judaic Logic” (2005), which were put with <i>Judaic Logic.</i> The remaining few chapters
were then renumbered 10-14.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05289940617947981229noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4820595337756187039.post-84857038816471854582015-02-25T18:44:00.002+01:002015-03-01T12:47:06.675+01:00VOLITION AND ALLIED CAUSAL CONCEPTS - by Avi Sion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>VOLITION AND ALLIED CAUSAL CONCEPTS</b><o:p></o:p></div>
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Avi Sion, Ph. D.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFsfm9z1Qluq_d1D4mt4d7J-5Oo9meLXGyg-G2NuzrvOAVLrgOTRVF7D67T0c8Ql-XiVv0bnVdvvPfnJbYESbG-n3YLhPMxfDEbD9GSJT1BfXMkDy3b9WvVTjjXAmADe2o0J8AklF_NSR7/s1600/Vol.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFsfm9z1Qluq_d1D4mt4d7J-5Oo9meLXGyg-G2NuzrvOAVLrgOTRVF7D67T0c8Ql-XiVv0bnVdvvPfnJbYESbG-n3YLhPMxfDEbD9GSJT1BfXMkDy3b9WvVTjjXAmADe2o0J8AklF_NSR7/s1600/Vol.JPG" /></a></div>
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<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
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First published, 2004.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h2>
Abstract<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<b><i>Volition
and Allied Causal Concepts</i></b> is a work of aetiology and
metapsychology. Aetiology is the branch of philosophy and logic devoted to the
study of causality (the cause-effect relation) in all its forms; and
metapsychology is the study of the basic concepts common to all psychological
discourse, most of which are causal.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Volition</b>
(or free will) is to be distinguished from causation and natural spontaneity.
The latter categories, i.e. deterministic causality and its negation, have been
treated in a separate work, <i>The Logic of Causation</i>. Volition may be
characterized as personal causality, a relation between an agent (the self or
soul) and his actions (acts of will). Unlike causation, this relation cannot be
entirely defined using conditional (if–then) propositions. Although we can say
that the agent is a sine qua non of his actions, we cannot say that the agent
is invariably (in all or specific circumstances) followed by his actions. It
appears that both an act of will and its negation remain possible to a soul in
any given set of circumstances. This defines freedom of the will, and implies
the responsibility of the agent for his actions. Introspection provides
knowledge of particular acts of will.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The
existence of freewill implies a distinction between necessary causation
(determinism independent of volition) and inertial causation (determinism,
except when some contrary will interferes). An act of will occurs on a
spiritual plane. It may have natural (mental or physical) consequences; those
that inevitably follow it may be regarded as directly willed, whereas those
that vary according to circumstances must be considered indirectly willed.
Volition presupposes some degree of consciousness. So-called involuntary acts
of will involve a minimum of attention, whereas mindful acts are fully
conscious. Even pure whim involves intention. Most volitions moreover involve
valuation, some sort of projection of goals, deliberation on means, choice and
decision. To judge responsibility, various distinctions are called for, like
that between intentional, incidental and accidental consequences.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Volitional
action can be affected through the terms and conditions of the world
surrounding its agent, but also more intimately through the <b>influence</b> of
concrete or abstract aspects of that world that the subject has cognized. The
causal concept of influence, and its implication of cognition (of inner or
outer information, including emotions), are crucial to measuring the effort
involved in volition. Influences make willing easier or harder, yet do not
curtail its essential freedom. All the causal concepts used in psychological
explanation – affections, appetites, instincts, habits, obsessions,
compulsions, urges and impulses – can be elucidated thanks to this important
finding. Much of human (and animal) behavior can thus be both acknowledged as
volitional and as variously influenced.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Volition
and Allied Causal Concepts</i> is a work of ambitious scope, intent on finally
resolving philosophical and logical issues that have always impeded progress in
psychology. It clarifies the structure and workings of the psyche, facilitating
hygienic and therapeutic endeavors. The relation between volition and physical
laws is discussed, as is the place of volition in biology. Concepts used in
biology, analogous to that of purpose, are incidentally analyzed. Theological
issues are also dealt with, as are some topics in ethics and law.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h2>
Buy it or read it online<o:p></o:p></h2>
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All of Avi Sion’s published books can be purchased at <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Avi-Sion/e/B001K6ZTEA/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1422875909&sr=1-2-ent">Amazon.com</a>
(in paperback or kindle/.mobi form), and at <a href="http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/thelogicianbooks">Lulu.com</a> (in
hardcover, paperback or e-book/.epub form), as well as other online stores.<o:p></o:p></div>
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They can also be read online free of charge, chapter by
chapter, at <a href="http://www.thelogician.net/">www.TheLogician.net</a> and,
in '3D flipbook' format, at <a href="http://www.avisionbooks.com/">www.AviSionBooks.com</a>,
as well as in <a href="https://www.google.com/search?lr=lang_en&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=%22Avi+Sion%22+inauthor:%22Avi+Sion%22&tbs=,bkv:p&num=30#lr=lang_en&q="Sion"+inauthor:"Avi+Sion"&start=0&tbm=bks&tbs=bkv:p,lr:lang_1en">Google
Books</a> and other Internet locations. They are also available in many
university and public libraries.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h2>
Contents in brief<o:p></o:p></h2>
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1. Basic Causal
Relations<o:p></o:p></div>
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2. Interactions
between Volition and Causation<o:p></o:p></div>
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3. Further
Analysis of Volition<o:p></o:p></div>
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4. Consciousness
and Responsibility<o:p></o:p></div>
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5. Influence
and Freedom<o:p></o:p></div>
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6. Further
Analysis of Influence<o:p></o:p></div>
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7. The Workings
of Volition<o:p></o:p></div>
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8. Volition and
the Special Sciences<o:p></o:p></div>
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9. Will,
Velleity and Whim<o:p></o:p></div>
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10. Affections
and Appetites<o:p></o:p></div>
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11. Complications
of Influence<o:p></o:p></div>
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12. Urges and
Impulses<o:p></o:p></div>
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13. The
Quasi-Purposive in Nature<o:p></o:p></div>
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14. Concepts of
Evolution<o:p></o:p></div>
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15. More about
Evolution<o:p></o:p></div>
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16. The Self<o:p></o:p></div>
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17. Some Topics
in Deontology<o:p></o:p></div>
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18. More Topics
in Deontology<o:p></o:p></div>
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Appendices<o:p></o:p></div>
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References<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h2>
Contents in detail<o:p></o:p></h2>
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1. BASIC CAUSAL
RELATIONS <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Causation and volition <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Causality and modality <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Spontaneity <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Relative vs. absolute
contingency <o:p></o:p></li>
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2. INTERACTIONS
BETWEEN VOLITION AND CAUSATION <o:p></o:p></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal">Necessity and inertia in
causation <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Direct and indirect
volition <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Matter-mind and spirit <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Conceiving Divine volition
<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The study of volition <o:p></o:p></li>
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3. FURTHER
ANALYSIS OF VOLITION <o:p></o:p></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal">Knowledge of volition <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Freedom of the will <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Decision and choice <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Goals and means <o:p></o:p></li>
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4. CONSCIOUSNESS
AND RESPONSIBILITY <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">The consciousness in
volition <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The factors of
responsibility <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Judging, and misjudging,
people <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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5. INFLUENCE
AND FREEDOM <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Influence occurs via
consciousness <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Knowledge of effort,
influence and freedom <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Formal analysis of
influence <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Incitement <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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6. FURTHER
ANALYSIS OF INFLUENCE <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Some features of influence
<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Processes of influence <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Instincts in relation to
freewill <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Liberation from unwanted
influences <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Propositions about the
future <o:p></o:p></li>
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7. THE WORKINGS
OF VOLITION <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Cultural context and
epistemological considerations <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Theoretical context <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Stages in the process of
volition <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The scope of freewill <o:p></o:p></li>
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8. VOLITION AND
THE SPECIAL SCIENCES <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Volition and the laws of
physics <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Volition and biology <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Therapeutic psychology <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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9. WILL,
VELLEITY AND WHIM <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Cognition, volition and
valuation <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Velleity <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Whim <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Inner divisions <o:p></o:p></li>
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10. AFFECTIONS
AND APPETITES <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Valuation <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The main valuations <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Ethology <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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11. COMPLICATIONS
OF INFLUENCE <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Habits <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Obsessions and
compulsions <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The ego abhors a vacuum <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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12. URGES AND
IMPULSES <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Physical urges and
impulses <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Mental urges and
impulses <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Formal analysis of
physical and mental urges <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Are there drives within
the soul? <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Formal analysis of
spiritual urges <o:p></o:p></li>
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13. THE
QUASI-PURPOSIVE IN NATURE <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Purposiveness <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Organic functions <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The continuity of life <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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14. CONCEPTS OF
EVOLUTION <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">The logical form of
evolution <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Evidence for evolution <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Random mutation <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Natural selection <o:p></o:p></li>
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15. MORE ABOUT
EVOLUTION <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Social Darwinism <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Spiritual Darwinism <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Theological perspectives
<o:p></o:p></li>
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16. THE SELF <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Ungluing the mind <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Abstract vs. concrete
self <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Sundry reflections on
the soul and God <o:p></o:p></li>
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17. SOME TOPICS
IN DEONTOLOGY <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Founding ethics <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Ethics concerns the
living, thinking, willing <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Conscience and conformism
<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Tai Chi, karma yoga and
faith <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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18. MORE TOPICS
IN DEONTOLOGY <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Inducing ethics <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Ethical formulas <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Philosophy of law <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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APPENDICES <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Some formal logic
guidelines <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Aristotle’s four
causes <o:p></o:p></li>
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REFERENCES <o:p></o:p></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05289940617947981229noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4820595337756187039.post-31882311389580578212015-02-25T18:24:00.004+01:002015-03-01T12:46:54.445+01:00PHENOMENOLOGY - by Avi Sion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>PHENOMENOLOGY</b>:</div>
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<i>Basing Knowledge on
Appearance<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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Avi Sion, Ph. D.<o:p></o:p></div>
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First published, 2003. Expanded edition, 2005.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h2>
Abstract<o:p></o:p></h2>
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Phenomenology is the study of appearance as such. It is a
branch of both Ontology and Epistemology, since appearing is being known.<o:p></o:p></div>
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By an ‘appearance’ is meant any existent which impinges on
consciousness, anything cognized, irrespective of any judgment as to whether it
be ‘real’ or ‘illusory.’ The evaluation of a particular appearance as a reality
or an illusion is a complex process, involving inductive and deductive logical
principles and activities. Opinion has to earn the status of strict knowledge.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Knowledge develops from appearances, which may be: (a)
objects of perception, i.e. concrete phenomena in the physical or mental
domains; (b) objects of intuition, i.e. one’s subjective self, cognitions,
volitions and valuations (non-phenomenal concretes);
and/or (c) objects of conception, i.e. simple or complex abstracts of preceding
appearances. Abstraction relies on apprehensions of sameness and difference
between appearances (including received or projected appearances, and projected
negations of appearances). Coherence in knowledge (perceptual, intuitive and
conceptual) is maintained by apprehensions of compatibility or incompatibility.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Words facilitate our construction of conceptual knowledge,
thanks to their intentionality. The abstract concepts most words intend are
common characters or behaviors of particulars (concrete material, mental or
subjective experiences). Granting everything in the world is reducible to
waves, ‘universals’ would be equalities or proportionalities in the measures of
the features, motions and interrelations of particular waves. Such a theory of
universals would elucidate sensation and memory.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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In attempting to retrace the development of conceptual
knowledge from experience, we may refer to certain major organizing principles.
It is also important to keep track of the order of things in such development,
interrelating specific concepts and specific experiences. By proposing a
precise sequence of events, we avoid certain logical fallacies and are
challenged to try and answer certain crucial questions in more detail.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Many more topics are discussed in the present collection of
essays, including selfhood, adduction and other logical issues, the status of
mathematical concepts and theology.</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Buy it or read it online<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
All of Avi Sion’s published books can be purchased at <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Avi-Sion/e/B001K6ZTEA/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1422875909&sr=1-2-ent" target="_blank">Amazon.com</a>
(in paperback or kindle/.mobi form), and at <a href="http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/thelogicianbooks" target="_blank">Lulu.com</a> (in
hardcover, paperback or e-book/.epub form), as well as other online stores.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
They can also be read online free of charge, chapter by
chapter, at <a href="http://www.thelogician.net/" target="_blank">www.TheLogician.net</a> and,
in '3D flipbook' format, at <a href="http://www.avisionbooks.com/" target="_blank">www.AviSionBooks.com</a>,
as well as in <a href="https://www.google.com/search?lr=lang_en&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=%22Avi+Sion%22+inauthor:%22Avi+Sion%22&tbs=,bkv:p&num=30#lr=lang_en&q="Sion"+inauthor:"Avi+Sion"&start=0&tbm=bks&tbs=bkv:p,lr:lang_1en" target="_blank">Google Books</a> and other Internet locations. They are also available in many
university and public libraries.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Contents in brief<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1. What, Why
and How<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2. Organizing
Principles<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3. Experiences
and Abstractions<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
4. Conceptualization<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5. The Self<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
6. Additional
Topics<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
7. The Active
Role of Logic<o:p></o:p></div>
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8. Epistemological
Issues in Mathematics<o:p></o:p></div>
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9. Theology
Without Prejudice<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Appendices<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Figures<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
References<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<h2>
Contents in detail<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1. What, Why
and How<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Phenomenology<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Knowledge is Based On
Appearance<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">To Be Or Not To Be<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Phenomenological
Approach<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2. Organizing
Principles<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">The Order of Things<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Appearance and Other Large
Concepts<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Material, Mental,
Intuitive, Abstract<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Number, Space and Time<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Modality and Causality<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3. Experiences
and Abstractions<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">The Objects of Perception<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Objects of Intuition<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Correlations Between
Experiences<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Conceptual Objects<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Degrees of Interiority<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
4. Conceptualization<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Sameness and Difference<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Compatibility or
Incompatibility<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Words and Intentions<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">A Theory of Universals<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Unity In Plurality<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5. The Self<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">The Self<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Factors of the “Self”<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Identification-With<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Ideal and Practical
Concepts<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Fallacious Criticisms of
Selfhood<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">What “Emptiness” Might Be<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
6. Additional
Topics<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Present Appearances<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Concepts of Space and
Time<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Apprehension of the Four
Dimensions<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Contents of Thought
Processes<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Universals and
Potentiality<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Social vs. Personal
Knowledge<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
7. The Active
Role of Logic<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Principles of Adduction<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Generalization is
Justifiable<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Logical Attitudes<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Syllogism Adds to
Knowledge<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">There is a Formal Logic of
Change<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CH">Concept Formation<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CH">Empty Classes<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CH">Context<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CH">Communication<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
8. Epistemological
Issues in Mathematics<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Mathematics and Logic<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Geometrical Concepts have
an Experiential Basis<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Geometry is a
Phenomenological Science<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">On “New Arithmetical
Entities”<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Imagining a Thoroughly
Empirical Arithmetic<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
9. Theology
Without Prejudice<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Applying Logical Standards
to Theology<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Conceiving the Divine
Attributes<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Analyzing Omniscience and
Omnipotence<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Harmonizing Justice and
Mercy<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Formlessness of God<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Appendices<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Using Meditation<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Feelings of Emptiness<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Figures<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Existence, appearance,
and reality<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Assumed material, mental
and spiritual domains<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">A classification of
appearances<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Three types of continuity<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
References<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05289940617947981229noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4820595337756187039.post-52322926175658640922015-02-25T18:06:00.000+01:002015-03-01T12:46:43.655+01:00BUDDHIST ILLOGIC - by Avi Sion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>BUDDHIST ILLOGIC</b>:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>A Critical Analysis of
Nagarjuna’s Arguments<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Avi Sion, Ph. D.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNdlHNzMSrT9WdaWFR5SV9o-BMm-aGemQgKg-Sc9TXTJNPF5KG0jZJP9Z-sUZSy7VIFkm_Hh7ehJJYOIFTtHaeGP-N5lXMt1LY-HPHriS3-sqZ8vkRYiY2xp9Hb7LvXc8InAhkq_ztlOso/s1600/BI.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNdlHNzMSrT9WdaWFR5SV9o-BMm-aGemQgKg-Sc9TXTJNPF5KG0jZJP9Z-sUZSy7VIFkm_Hh7ehJJYOIFTtHaeGP-N5lXMt1LY-HPHriS3-sqZ8vkRYiY2xp9Hb7LvXc8InAhkq_ztlOso/s1600/BI.JPG" /></a></div>
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First published, 2002. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<h2>
Abstract<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<br /></div>
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The 2<sup>nd</sup> Century CE Indian philosopher Nagarjuna
founded the Madhyamika (Middle Way) school of Mahayana Buddhism, which strongly
influenced Chinese (Ch’an), Korean (Sôn) and Japanese (Zen) Buddhism, as well
as Tibetan Buddhism. Nagarjuna is regarded by many Buddhist writers to this day
as a very important philosopher, who they claim definitively proved the
futility of ordinary human cognitive means.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
His writings include a series of arguments purporting to show
the illogic of logic, the absurdity of reason. He considers this the way to
verbalize and justify the Buddhist doctrine of “emptiness” (<i>Shunyata</i>).
These arguments attack some of the basic tenets and techniques of reasoning,
such as the laws of thought (identity, non-contradiction and the excluded
middle), conceptualization and predication, our common assumptions of self,
entities and essences, as well as our beliefs in motion and causation.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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The present essay demonstrates the many sophistries involved
in Nagarjuna’s arguments. He uses double standards, applying or ignoring the
laws of thought and other norms as convenient to his goals; he manipulates his
readers, by giving seemingly logical form (like the dilemma) to his discourse,
while in fact engaged in <i>non-sequiturs</i> or appealing to doubtful
premises; he plays with words, relying on unclear terminology, misleading
equivocations and unfair fixations of meaning; and he ‘steals concepts’, using
them to deny the very percepts on which they are based.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Although a critique of the Madhyamika philosophical
interpretation and defense of “emptiness”, <i>Buddhist Illogic </i>is not
intended to dissuade readers from Buddhism. On the contrary, its aim to enhance
personal awareness of actual cognitive processes, and so improve meditation. It
is also an excellent primer on phenomenological epistemology.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Buy it or read it online<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
All of Avi Sion’s published books can be purchased at <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Avi-Sion/e/B001K6ZTEA/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1422875909&sr=1-2-ent" target="_blank">Amazon.com</a>
(in paperback or kindle/.mobi form), and at <a href="http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/thelogicianbooks" target="_blank">Lulu.com</a> (in
hardcover, paperback or e-book/.epub form), as well as other online stores.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
They can also be read online free of charge, chapter by
chapter, at <a href="http://www.thelogician.net/" target="_blank">www.TheLogician.net</a> and,
in '3D flipbook' format, at <a href="http://www.avisionbooks.com/" target="_blank">www.AviSionBooks.com</a>,
as well as in <a href="https://www.google.com/search?lr=lang_en&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=%22Avi+Sion%22+inauthor:%22Avi+Sion%22&tbs=,bkv:p&num=30#lr=lang_en&q="Sion"+inauthor:"Avi+Sion"&start=0&tbm=bks&tbs=bkv:p,lr:lang_1en" target="_blank">GoogleBooks</a> and other Internet locations. They are also available in many
university and public libraries.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Contents<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
Foreword<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1. The tetralemma<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2. Neither real
nor unreal<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3. Nagarjuna’s
use of dilemma<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
4. The
subject-predicate relation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5. Percepts and
concepts<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
6. Motion and
rest<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
7. Causality<o:p></o:p></div>
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8. Co-dependence<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
9. Karmic law<o:p></o:p></div>
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10. God and
creation<o:p></o:p></div>
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11. Self or soul<o:p></o:p></div>
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12. Self-knowledge<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Afterword:<o:p></o:p></div>
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Not ‘empty logic’, but empty of logic<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Appendices:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Fallacies
in Nagarjuna’s work<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--> Brief glossary of some basic concepts<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<h2>
Further Description<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
This
essay is a critical review of some of the main arguments proposed by the Indian
Buddhist philosopher <b>Nagarjuna</b> (c. 113-213 CE), founder of the <b>Madhyamika</b>
(Middle Way) school, one of the Mahayana streams, which strongly influenced Chinese
(Ch’an), Korean (Sôn) and Japanese (Zen) Buddhism, as well as Tibetan Buddhism.
Specifically, the text referred to here is <b><i>Empty Logic</i></b><i> -
Madhyamika Buddhism from Chinese Sources</i> (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1991)
by Hsueh-li Cheng, of Hawaii University (Hilo). The main source-texts of this
school of thought, to which Cheng of course often refers, are the “three
treatises” – the <i>Middle Treatise</i>, the <i>Twelve Gate Treatise</i> and
the <i>Hundred Treatise</i>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
title <i>Empty Logic</i> was not intended pejoratively by its author, but
simply to mean ‘logic of emptiness’, the term “emptiness” (<i>Shunyata</i>)
referring to the Buddhist doctrine that (briefly put, very roughly) things have
no abiding core, no essence, no fixed nature. Cheng’s work is a clear
exposition of Madhyamika history and logical techniques, but it makes no
attempt to criticize those techniques. All criticism of Madhyamika or Buddhist
logic, here, is my own.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
present essay is not a religious tract and has no polemical intent. It is a
work of philosophy, a fair-minded logical evaluation of certain propositions
and arguments taken as philosophical positions open to discussion like any
other. It examines and discusses a goodly array of Buddhist, and in particular
Madhyamika, doctrines, but does not pretend to be an exhaustive treatment of
all doctrines or of all aspects of those dealt with.<o:p></o:p></div>
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However,
I do not attempt here to develop a historical perspective, or to list the
various tendencies and their interrelations. Cheng’s book includes an
interesting exposition of the development of Madhyamika philosophy, from
Nagarjuna in the 2<sup>nd</sup> century CE through to the Yogachara school and
on. However, he fails to investigate in sufficient detail the development of
Buddhist philosophy prior to Nagarjuna, barely mentioning several centuries of
earlier Theravada (Hinayana) philosophy and the early phases (starting 1<sup>st</sup>
cent. CE, and before) of Mahayana reaction (e.g. the Mahasanghikas). To better
understand Nagarjuna’s motives and goals, it would be well to be acquainted
with this background.<o:p></o:p></div>
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My
naming the present essay <i>Buddhist Illogic </i>should not be taken to imply
that I consider all Buddhist philosophy or even all Madhyamika as illogical. It
merely reflects my focus here on some of the (many) illogical arguments used in
Nagarjuna’s discourse. Indeed, some of Nagarjuna’s arguments and beliefs have
been refuted or rejected by other Buddhist philosophers. Buddhist philosophy is
not monolithic, but a constellation of philosophies with as their common ground
the (alleged) pronouncements of Buddhism’s founder. I do here challenge some
underlying Buddhist doctrines, but only incidentally, not systematically.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
I
would have named this essay less pejoratively ‘Buddhist Logic’ if I had found
some interesting new thought forms to report. Buddhism and Nagarjuna do indeed
use valid as well as invalid forms of reasoning, but these forms (those I found
so far) are all familiar to us today, and so not notable except for historical
purposes (where we would try and determine whether Buddhist usage antedates
usage in Greek or other writings). However, my main justification is that much
of Buddhism itself, and particularly Nagarjuna’s version of it, cheerfully
proclaims itself free of or beyond logic, or illogical and even anti-logical.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
On a
personal note, I want to stress my admiration for Buddhism in general, which
has taught me much, both in the way of living skills and through its
philosophical insights. So I cannot be accused of approaching this subject with
any antagonistic prejudice. I read <i>Empty Logic</i> eager to learn from it,
rather than to find fault with it. As a philosopher and logician I am however
duty bound to analyze and judge philosophies dispassionately, and this is what
I do here. Generally speaking, I have little interest in criticizing other
people’s philosophical works, because I could write thick volumes doing so.
Life is unfortunately too short for that, so I prefer to pass it developing a
constructive statement. Nevertheless, one generally learns a lot through
debate, and I can say that challenging Nagarjuna has helped me to clarify
various philosophical problems and possible solutions.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Finally,
let me say that the message of “Buddha” (the enlightened) Siddhartha Gautama
(563-483 BCE), about “emptiness”, which as is well known is essentially
non-verbal, should not be confused with Nagarjuna’s or any other writer’s
attempted philosophical interpretation, explanation and justification of
related ideas. Thus, to refute the latter does not necessarily deny the former.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
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</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05289940617947981229noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4820595337756187039.post-60536324905367248782015-02-24T18:21:00.000+01:002015-03-01T12:46:33.557+01:00JUDAIC LOGIC - by Avi Sion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>JUDAIC LOGIC</b>:</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>A Formal Analysis of Biblical,
Talmudic and Rabbinic Logic<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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Avi Sion, Ph. D.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH5_ldP4QMucHNCK7hdh7_Lb2Dq6Mbo_G3EmYkoRZU1fGB9gd6vc3zAC0wEV4RScFLddsvE8RWRX4tecOUyoZvH_Y7EZb38P6N6WbIz79DWBTQExXoea-3tMfx0290V-wHU0gMJXft038R/s1600/JL.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH5_ldP4QMucHNCK7hdh7_Lb2Dq6Mbo_G3EmYkoRZU1fGB9gd6vc3zAC0wEV4RScFLddsvE8RWRX4tecOUyoZvH_Y7EZb38P6N6WbIz79DWBTQExXoea-3tMfx0290V-wHU0gMJXft038R/s1600/JL.JPG" /></a></div>
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First published, 1995. Slatkine Edition, 1997.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h2>
Abstract<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<b><i>Judaic
logic: A Formal Analysis of Biblical, Talmudic and Rabbinic Logic</i></b>
is an original inquiry into the forms of thought determining Jewish law and
belief, from the impartial perspective of a logician.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i>Judaic Logic</i> attempts <b>to honestly estimate the extent to which the logic employed within
Judaism fits into the general norms, and whether it has any contributions to
make to them</b>. The author ranges far and wide in Jewish lore, finding clear
evidence of both inductive and deductive reasoning in the Torah and other books
of the Bible, and analyzing the methodology of the Talmud and other Rabbinic
literature <b>by means of formal tools</b>
which make possible its objective evaluation with reference to scientific
logic. The result is a highly innovative work - incisive and open, free of
clichés or manipulation.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i>Judaic Logic</i> succeeds in translating vague
and confusing interpretative principles and examples into formulas with the
clarity and precision of Aristotelian syllogism. Among the positive outcomes,
for logic in general, are a thorough listing, analysis and validation of the
various forms of <b>a-fortiori argument</b>,
as well as a clarification of <b>dialectic
logic</b>. However, on the negative side, this demystification of
Talmudic/Rabbinic modes of thought (hermeneutic and heuristic) reveals most of
them to be, contrary to the boasts of orthodox commentators, far from deductive
and certain. They are often, legitimately enough, inductive. But they are also
often unnatural and arbitrary constructs, supported by unverifiable claims and
fallacious techniques.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Many other thought-processes, used but not noticed
or discussed by the Rabbis, are identified in this treatise, and subjected to
logical review. Various more or less explicit Rabbinic doctrines, which have
logical significance, are also examined in it. In particular, this work
includes a formal study of the <b>ethical
logic</b> (deontology) found in Jewish law, to elicit both its universal
aspects and its peculiarities.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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With regard to Biblical studies, one notable
finding is an explicit formulation (which, however, the Rabbis failed to take
note of and stress) of <b>the principles of</b>
<b>adduction</b> (the testing, and confirmation or rejection, of hypotheses - i.e. of beliefs, and equally of the reasons or explanations put forward in support of beliefs) in the Torah,
written long before the acknowledgement of these principles in Western
philosophy and their assimilation in a developed theory of knowledge. Another
surprise is that, in contrast to Midrashic claims, the Tanakh (Jewish Bible)
contains a lot more than ten instances of <i>qal
vachomer</i> (a-fortiori) reasoning.<br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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In
sum, <i>Judaic Logic</i> elucidates and
evaluates the epistemological assumptions which have generated the Halakhah
(Jewish religious jurisprudence) and allied doctrines. Traditional
justifications, or rationalizations, concerning Judaic law and belief, are
carefully dissected and weighed at the level of logical process and structure,
without concern for content. This foundational approach, devoid of any critical
or supportive bias, clears the way for a timely reassessment of orthodox
Judaism (and incidentally, other religious systems, by means of analogies or
contrasts). <i>Judaic Logic</i> ought,
therefore, to be read by all Halakhists, as well as Bible and Talmud scholars
and students; and also by everyone interested in the theory, practice and
history of logic.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h2>
Buy it or read it online<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<br /></div>
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All of Avi Sion’s published books can be purchased at <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Avi-Sion/e/B001K6ZTEA/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1422875909&sr=1-2-ent" target="_blank">Amazon.com</a>
(in paperback or kindle/.mobi form), and at <a href="http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/thelogicianbooks" target="_blank">Lulu.com</a> (in
hardcover, paperback or e-book/.epub form), as well as other online stores.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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They can also be read online free of charge, chapter by chapter,
at <a href="http://www.thelogician.net/" target="_blank">www.TheLogician.net</a> and, in '3D
flipbook' format, at <a href="http://www.avisionbooks.com/" target="_blank">www.AviSionBooks.com</a>,
as well as in <a href="https://www.google.com/search?lr=lang_en&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=%22Avi+Sion%22+inauthor:%22Avi+Sion%22&tbs=,bkv:p&num=30#lr=lang_en&q="Sion"+inauthor:"Avi+Sion"&start=0&tbm=bks&tbs=bkv:p,lr:lang_1en" target="_blank">GoogleBooks</a> and other Internet locations. They are also available in many
university and public libraries.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h2>
Contents in brief<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<br /></div>
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1. Introduction.<o:p></o:p></div>
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2. Adductive
Logic in the Torah. <o:p></o:p></div>
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3. The
Formalities of A-Fortiori Logic. <o:p></o:p></div>
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4. Qal
VaChomer. <o:p></o:p></div>
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5. Revised List
of Biblical A-Fortiori. <o:p></o:p></div>
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6. The Language
of Biblical A-Fortiori.<o:p></o:p></div>
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7. Without Prejudice.<o:p></o:p></div>
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8. Initial
Impressions.<o:p></o:p></div>
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9. Traditional
Teachings.<o:p></o:p></div>
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10. The
Thirteen Midot (I)<o:p></o:p></div>
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11. The
Thirteen Midot (II) <o:p></o:p></div>
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12. The Sinai
Connection.<o:p></o:p></div>
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13. On the
Concept of Mitzvah.<o:p></o:p></div>
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14. Logical
Aspects of Emunah.<o:p></o:p></div>
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15. Epilogue.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Appendices<o:p></o:p></div>
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Addenda<o:p></o:p></div>
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Diagrams<o:p></o:p></div>
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References</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<h2>
Contents in detail<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<br /></div>
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1. INTRODUCTION.
<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">The Development of Jewish
Law.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">A Logic Primer. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
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2. ADDUCTIVE
LOGIC IN THE TORAH. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">The Art of Knowing. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Adduction in Western
Philosophy.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Adducing Prophecies and
Prophethood. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Logic and Mysticism. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
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3. THE
FORMALITIES OF A-FORTIORI LOGIC. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">The Valid Moods.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Validation Procedures.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Additional Details. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
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4. QAL
VACHOMER. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Background.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Torah Samples.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Dayo Principle. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Objections!<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Rabbinic Formulations. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
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5. REVISED LIST
OF BIBLICAL A-FORTIORI. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Problems Encountered.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Solution Found. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Data and their Analysis.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Synthesis of Results.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Talmudic/Rabbinic
A-Fortiori. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
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6. THE LANGUAGE
OF BIBLICAL A-FORTIORI. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Torah Books.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Historical Books.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Other Books.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Rejects. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
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7. WITHOUT
PREJUDICE. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Taking a Dilemma by its
Horns.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">About Revision.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Changes in the Law. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
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8. INITIAL
IMPRESSIONS. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Methods and Contents. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Davqa or Lav Davqa? <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Kushya and Terutz.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Standards of Knowledge. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
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9. TRADITIONAL
TEACHINGS. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Hermeneutics. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Heuristics. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">A Methodical Approach. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
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10. THE
THIRTEEN MIDOT (I). <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Exposition and
Evaluation.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Inference of
Information.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Scope of Terms. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
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11. THE THIRTEEN MIDOT
(II). <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Harmonization. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
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12. THE SINAI
CONNECTION. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Verdict on Rabbinic
Hermeneutics.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Artificial Blocks to
Natural Development of the Law.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">How
"Tradition" Keeps Growing. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
13. ON THE
CONCEPT OF MITZVAH. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Basic Properties.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Complementary Factors.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">How to Count Mitzvot.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Commanded vs. Personal Morality. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
14. LOGICAL
ASPECTS OF EMUNAH. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">On Natural Proofs of
Religion.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Theodicy and the
Believer's Wager.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Faith and Justice.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Legislated Belief. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
15. EPILOGUE. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Motives of the Present
Research.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Conclusions of our
Study. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
APPENDICES<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Appendix 1. Further
Notes on A-Fortiori Argument. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Appendix 2. Notions
of Time. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Appendix 3. Gematria.
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Appendix 4. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Feigenbaum's
Understanding the Talmud. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Rabinowich's Talmudic
Terminology. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Ramchal's Ways of
Reason. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Appendix 5. The
Hebrew Language. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Appendix 6. Further
Notes on Harmonization Rules. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
ADDENDA. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Concerning Adductive
Reasoning Relative to Prophecy. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">A Note on Astronomy.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">An Example of Secondary
A-Fortiori in the Talmud. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">One More Example of
A-Fortiori in the Tanakh. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">A Note Concerning
Anachronisms. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Inferences from Context. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc.
<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Judgment-Calls. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Tolerance of
Contradictions. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Proof of Gd by Analogy? <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Disproofs of Gd? <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Neither Certainty Nor
Faith are Essential to Religious Ethics. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Rabbis' Antipathy to
Philosophy.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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DIAGRAMS<o:p></o:p></div>
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REFERENCES<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h2>
Further Description<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Judaic logic: A Formal Analysis of Biblical,
Talmudic and Rabbinic Logic</i></b> is an original inquiry into the forms of
thought determining Jewish law and belief, from the objective perspective of a
logician. The author's previous treatise, <b><i>Future Logic: Categorical and Conditional
Deduction and Induction of the Natural, Temporal, Extensional and Logical
Modalities</i></b>, was a large-scale study of formal logic and epistemology;
in the present work, his purpose is to consider the logic employed within his
religion, Judaism, and honestly estimate the extent to which it fits into the
general norms and whether it has any contributions to make to them. It covers a
wide range of topics:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->A brief overview of the sources of Jewish law (the <i>Halakhah</i>), and a quick introduction to
generic logic theory (induction and deduction), for the uninitiated. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->The new discovery of <b>an
explicit formulation of the principles of adduction in the <i>Torah</i> </b>(the Pentateuch), written long before their
acknowledgement in Western philosophy and their assimilation in a developed
theory of knowledge (epistemology). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->An <i>original and thorough</i>
<b>formal analysis of a-fortiori logic</b>
(the <i>qal vachomer</i> type of argument,
the most deductive of Judaism's interpretative processes), together with a
detailed investigation of its use in the <i>Tanakh
</i>(the Jewish Bible) which reveals it to be much more widespread than
traditionally supposed. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->A reflection on the psychological and social factors affecting
both religious and secular thought, which may cause people to deviate from
openness and objectivity, whether within one of these domains or in relation to
the other. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->An examination of some of the main similarities and differences
between the methods and databases of religious and secular pursuits of
knowledge, which shows <b>the
overwhelmingly inductive (rather than, as traditionally assumed, deductive)
methodology of Talmudic and Rabbinic thought</b>. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->A presentation, in considerable detail, of traditional teachings
of Judaic logic, including principles of interpretation (hermeneutics) and
organization (heuristics); and suggestions for methodical study. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->A detailed and incisive <b>formalization
and evaluation of the 13 <i>Midot</i></b> of
R. Ishmael and other fundamental principles of exegesis of Jewish law - a <i>completely novel</i> research effort (which
may be considered as the central motive of the work), revealing impartially <b>the strengths and weaknesses of Talmudic
and Rabbinic modes of thought</b>. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->A formal study of the <b>ethical
logic</b> (deontology) found in Jewish law, to elicit its universal aspects and
its peculiarities. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Finally, an examination of possible bases and motives of belief in
G-d, and, more broadly, in the religious tradition; and a critical assessment
of some of the less formal legal generalities adopted by the Rabbinic
tradition. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Judaic
Logic</i> is of both theoretical and practical value, to students of Bible
and Talmud and to students of Logic and Philosophy alike. The work's
universality lies in its efforts both (a) to bring Judaic logic into the
general fold, demystifying it and showing the extent to which its processes
are, or are not, commonplace; and (b) to draw from it any lessons of value to
logic theory and practise in general. In fulfilling the first of those tasks,
this work incidentally provides Bible and Talmud students, and more
specifically the deciders of Jewish law, with wider methodological perspectives
and powerful new technical tools. In fulfilling the second, it provides the
secular layperson, the scientist or philosopher, and in particular the
logician, with novel historical insights and formal instruments. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<div>
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<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Avi%20Sion/Documents/PHILOSOPHY/Blogger/JL%20in%20Blogger.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05289940617947981229noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4820595337756187039.post-76586610863455469852015-02-23T18:10:00.000+01:002015-03-01T12:46:19.218+01:00FUTURE LOGIC - by Avi Sion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>FUTURE LOGIC:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<i>Categorical and
Conditional Deduction and Induction of the Natural, Temporal, Extensional, and
Logical Modalities.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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Avi Sion, Ph. D.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSLDQTTRwK_NRs8z5JCR6ryLFeumQmZYw617BNnNnDvE0t6LnizndXaLBz_iQRIU3u4m7in_SAm5RvMmgf6XwCD0WQMhOcw43d0DIRmiuymqhnJKvLPvWxx5naMCBCXYP5apNcarLdi6X5/s1600/FL.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSLDQTTRwK_NRs8z5JCR6ryLFeumQmZYw617BNnNnDvE0t6LnizndXaLBz_iQRIU3u4m7in_SAm5RvMmgf6XwCD0WQMhOcw43d0DIRmiuymqhnJKvLPvWxx5naMCBCXYP5apNcarLdi6X5/s1600/FL.JPG" /></a></div>
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First published, 1990. Revised Edition, 1996.</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h2>
Abstract<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<b><i>Future Logic</i></b> is an original and wide-ranging treatise of formal
logic. It deals with deduction and induction, of categorical and conditional
propositions, involving the natural, temporal, extensional, and logical
modalities.<o:p></o:p></div>
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(Simply put, deduction and induction are inferences of more
or less certainty; propositions refer to relations between things; modalities
are attributes of relations like necessity, actuality or possibility.)<o:p></o:p></div>
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Traditional and Modern logic have covered in detail only
formal deduction from actual categoricals, or from logical conditionals
(conjunctives, hypotheticals, and disjunctives). Deduction from modal
categoricals has also been considered, though very vaguely and roughly; whereas
deduction from natural, temporal and extensional forms of conditioning has been
all but totally ignored. As for induction, apart from the elucidation of
adductive processes (the scientific method), almost no formal work has been
done.<o:p></o:p></div>
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This is <i>the first work
ever</i><b> to strictly formalize the
inductive processes of generalization and particularization</b>, through the
novel methods of factorial analysis, factor selection and formula revision.<o:p></o:p></div>
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This is <i>the first work
ever</i><b> to develop a formal logic of
the natural, temporal and extensional types of conditioning</b> (as distinct
from logical conditioning), including their production from modal categorical
premises.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><i>Future Logic</i> </b>contains a great many other new discoveries,
organized into a unified, consistent and empirical system, with precise
definitions of the various categories and types of modality (including logical
modality), and full awareness of the epistemological and ontological issues
involved. Though strictly formal, it uses ordinary language, wherever symbols
can be avoided.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Among its other contributions: a full list of <b>the valid modal syllogisms </b>(which is more restrictive than previous
lists); the main formalities of <b>the
logic of change </b>(which introduces a dynamic instead of merely static
approach to classification); the first formal definitions<b> </b>of <b>the modal types of</b> <b>causality</b>; a new <b>theory of class logic</b>, free of the Russell Paradox; as well as a
critical review of modern metalogic.<o:p></o:p></div>
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But it is impossible to list briefly all the innovations in
logical science -- and therefore, epistemology and ontology -- this book
presents; it has to be read for its scope to be appreciated.</div>
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<h2>
Buy it or read it online<o:p></o:p></h2>
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All of Avi Sion’s published books can be purchased at <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Avi-Sion/e/B001K6ZTEA/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1422875909&sr=1-2-ent" target="_blank">Amazon.com</a>
(in paperback or kindle/.mobi form), and at <a href="http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/thelogicianbooks" target="_blank">Lulu.com</a> (in hardcover,
paperback or e-book/.epub form), as well as other online stores.<o:p></o:p></div>
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They can also be read online free of charge, chapter by
chapter, at <a href="http://www.thelogician.net/" target="_blank">www.TheLogician.net</a> and, in
'3D flipbook' format, at <a href="http://www.avisionbooks.com/" target="_blank">www.AviSionBooks.com</a>,
as well as in <a href="https://www.google.com/search?lr=lang_en&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=%22Avi+Sion%22+inauthor:%22Avi+Sion%22&tbs=,bkv:p&num=30#lr=lang_en&q="Sion"+inauthor:"Avi+Sion"&start=0&tbm=bks&tbs=bkv:p,lr:lang_1en" target="_blank">Google Books</a> and other Internet locations. They are also available in many
university and public libraries. </div>
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<h2>
Contents in brief<o:p></o:p></h2>
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Part I. Actual Categoricals. <o:p></o:p></div>
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1. Introduction. <o:p></o:p></div>
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2. Foundations. <o:p></o:p></div>
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3. Logical Relations. <o:p></o:p></div>
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4. Words and Things. <o:p></o:p></div>
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5. Propositions. <o:p></o:p></div>
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6. Oppositions. <o:p></o:p></div>
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7. Eductions. <o:p></o:p></div>
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8. Syllogisms: Definitions. <o:p></o:p></div>
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9. Syllogisms: Applications. <o:p></o:p></div>
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10. Syllogisms: Validations. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Part II. Modal Categoricals. <o:p></o:p></div>
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11. Modality: Categories and
Types. <o:p></o:p></div>
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12. Sources of Modality. <o:p></o:p></div>
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13. Modal Propositions. <o:p></o:p></div>
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14. Modal Oppositions and
Eductions. <o:p></o:p></div>
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15. Main Modal Syllogisms. <o:p></o:p></div>
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16. Other Modal Syllogisms. <o:p></o:p></div>
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17. Transitive Categoricals. <o:p></o:p></div>
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18. Permutation. <o:p></o:p></div>
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19. More About Quantity. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Part III. Logical Conditioning. <o:p></o:p></div>
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20. Credibility. <o:p></o:p></div>
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21. Logical Modality. <o:p></o:p></div>
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22. Contextuality. <o:p></o:p></div>
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23. Conjunction. <o:p></o:p></div>
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24. Hypothetical Propositions. <o:p></o:p></div>
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25. Hypotheticals: Oppositions
and Eductions. <o:p></o:p></div>
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26. Disjunction. <o:p></o:p></div>
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27. Intricate Logic. <o:p></o:p></div>
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28. Logical Compositions. <o:p></o:p></div>
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29. Hypothetical Syllogism and
Production. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="FR-CH">30. Logical Apodosis and Dilemma. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CH">31. Paradoxes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CH">32. Double Paradoxes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CH">Part IV. De
Re Conditioning. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CH">33. Conditional Propositions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CH">34. Natural Conditionals: Features. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CH">35. Natural Conditionals: Oppositions,
Eductions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CH">36. Natural Conditional Syllogism and
Production. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CH">37. Natural Apodosis and Dilemma. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CH">38. Temporal Conditionals. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CH">39. Extensionals: Features, Oppositions,
Eductions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CH">40. Extensional Conditional Deduction. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CH">41. Modalities of Subsumption. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CH">42. Condensed Propositions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CH">Part V(a).
Class-Logic. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CH">43. The Logic of Classes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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44. Hierarchies and Orders. <o:p></o:p></div>
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45. Illicit Processes in Class
Logic. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Part V(b). Adduction. <o:p></o:p></div>
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46. Adduction. <o:p></o:p></div>
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47. Theory Formation. <o:p></o:p></div>
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48. Theory Selection. <o:p></o:p></div>
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49. Synthetic Logic. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Part VI. Factorial Induction. <o:p></o:p></div>
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50. Actual Induction. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
51. Elements and Compounds. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
52. Fractions and Integers. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
53. Factorial Analysis. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
54. Modal Induction. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
55. Factor Selection. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
56. Applied Factor Selection. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
57. Formula Revision. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
58. Gross Formula Revision. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
59. Factorial Formula Revision. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Part VII. Perspectives. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
60. Phenomena. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
61. Consciousness and the Mind. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
62. Perception and Recognition. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
63. Past Logic. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
64. Critique of Modern Logic. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
65. Developments in Tropology. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
66. Metalogic. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
67. Inductive Logic. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
68. Future Logic. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Appendix 1<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Appendix 2<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
References<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Contents in detail:<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
PART I. ACTUAL CATEGORICALS. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1. INTRODUCTION.
<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">What is Logic? <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">What Logic is Not. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Modus Operandi. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Scope. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2. FOUNDATIONS.
<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">The Law of Identity. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Law of Contradiction. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Law of the Excluded
Middle. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3. LOGICAL
RELATIONS. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">True or False. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Branches of Logic. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Tools of Logic. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Axioms of Logic. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
4. WORDS AND
THINGS. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Verbalizing. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Same and Different. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">On Definition <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5. PROPOSITIONS.
<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Terms and Copula. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Polarity and Quantity. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CH">Distribution. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CH">Permutation. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
6. OPPOSITIONS.
<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CH">Definitions. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CH">Applications. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CH">Validations. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
See also, in this context, Appendix 2.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
7. EDUCTIONS. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Definitions. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Applications. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Validations. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
8. SYLLOGISM:
DEFINITIONS. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Generalities. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Valid/Invalid. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Figures <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Moods. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Psychology. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
9. SYLLOGISM:
APPLICATIONS. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">The Main Moods. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">On the Fourth Figure. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Subaltern Moods. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Singular Moods. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Summary. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Common Attributes. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Imperfect Syllogism. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
10. SYLLOGISM:
VALIDATIONS. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Function <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Methods. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">In Practise. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Derivative Arguments. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
PART II. MODAL CATEGORICALS. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
11. MODALITY:
CATEGORIES AND TYPES. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Seeds of Growth. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Categories of Modality. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Types of Modality. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Extensional Modality. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Temporal Modality. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Tense and Duration. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Natural Modality. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Other Types. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12. SOURCES OF
MODALITY. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Diversity. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Time and Change. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Causality. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
13. MODAL
PROPOSITIONS. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Categories and Types. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">List and Notation. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Distributions. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
14. MODAL
OPPOSITIONS AND EDUCTIONS. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Quantification of
Oppositions. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Basic Intramodal
Oppositions. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Quantified Intramodal
Oppositions. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Intermodal Oppositions. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Eductions. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
See also, in this context, Appendix 2.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
15. MAIN MODAL
SYLLOGISMS. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Valid Modes. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Valid Moods. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Validations. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
16. OTHER MODAL
SYLLOGISMS <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Secondary Modes. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Mixed Modes. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Summation. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">General Principles. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
17. TRANSITIVE
CATEGORICALS. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Being and Becoming. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Various Features. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Various Contrasts. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Some Syllogisms. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
18. PERMUTATION. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Two Senses of 'Is'. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Other Permutations. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Verbs. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">'As Such' Subjects. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Commutation. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
19. MORE ABOUT
QUANTITY. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Substitution. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Comparatives. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Collectives and Collectionals.. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Quantification of the Predicate. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
PART III. LOGICAL CONDITIONING. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
20. CREDIBILITY. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Laws of Thought. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Functions. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">More on Credibility. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Opinion and Knowledge. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
21. LOGICAL
MODALITY. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">The Singular Modalities.
<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Plural Modalities. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Analogies and Contrasts.
<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Apodictic Knowledge. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
22. CONTEXTUALITY.
<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Statics. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Dynamics. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Time-Frames. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Context Comparisons. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Personal and Social. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
23. CONJUNCTION. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Factual Forms. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Oppositions of Factuals.
<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Modal Forms. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Oppositions of Modals. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
24. HYPOTHETICAL
PROPOSITIONS. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Kinds of Conditioning. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Defining Hypotheticals. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Strict or Material
Implication. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Full List of Forms. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
25. HYPOTHETICALS:
OPPOSITIONS AND EDUCTIONS. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Connection and Basis. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Oppositions. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Hierarchy.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Eductions. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
26. DISJUNCTION. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Subjunction.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Manners of Disjunction.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Broadening the
Perspective.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
27. INTRICATE
LOGIC. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Organic Knowledge.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Conjunctives. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Hypotheticals.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Disjunctives.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
28. LOGICAL
COMPOSITIONS. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Symbolic Logic.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Addition.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Multiplication.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Expansions.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Utility.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
29. HYPOTHETICAL
SYLLOGISM AND PRODUCTION. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Syllogism. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Other Derivatives.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Production.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
30. LOGICAL
APODOSIS AND DILEMMA. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Apodosis.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Dilemma.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Rebuttal.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
31. PARADOXES. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Internal Inconsistency. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Stolen Concept
Fallacy. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Systematization. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Properties.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
32. DOUBLE
PARADOXES. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Definition.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Liar Paradox.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Barber Paradox.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
PART IV. DE-RE CONDITIONING. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
33. CONDITIONAL
PROPOSITIONS. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">De-re Conditioning.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Types of Causality.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Laws of Causality.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
34. NATURAL
CONDITIONALS: FEATURES. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Basis and Connection. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Quantification.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Other Features.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Natural Disjunction. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
35. NATURAL
CONDITIONALS: OPPOSITIONS, EDUCTIONS. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Translations. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Oppositions.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Eductions.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
36. NATURAL
CONDITIONAL SYLLOGISM AND PRODUCTION. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Syllogism. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Summary and Quantities. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Production.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
37. NATURAL
APODOSIS AND DILEMMA. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Apodosis. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Dilemma.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
38. TEMPORAL
CONDITIONALS. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Structure and Properties.
<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Relationships to
Naturals.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Mixed Modality Arguments.
<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
39. EXTENSIONALS:
FEATURES, OPPOSITIONS, EDUCTIONS. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Main Features.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Modal and Other Forms. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Oppositions.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Translations and
Eductions.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
40. EXTENSIONAL
CONDITIONAL DEDUCTION. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Syllogism.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Production.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Apodoses.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Dilemma. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
41. MODALITIES OF
SUBSUMPTION. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Formal Review. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Impact.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Primitives.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Transformations. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Imaginary Terms.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
42. CONDENSED
PROPOSITIONS. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Forms with Complex
Terms.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Making Possible or
Necessary.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
PART Va. CLASS-LOGIC. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
43. THE LOGIC OF
CLASSES. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Subsumptive or Nominal.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Classes.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Classes of Classes.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
44. HIERARCHIES
AND ORDERS. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">First Order Hierarchies.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Second Order Hierarchies.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Extreme Cases.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
45. ILLICIT
PROCESSES IN CLASS LOGIC. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Self-membership.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Russell Paradox. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Impermutability. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
PART Vb. ADDUCTION. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
46. ADDUCTION. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Logical Probability.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Providing Evidence.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Weighting Evidence.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Other Types of
Probability.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
47. THEORY
FORMATION. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Theorizing.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Structure of Theories. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Criteria.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Control.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
48. THEORY
SELECTION. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">The Scientific Method. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Compromises. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Theory Changes. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Exclusive Relationships.
<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
49. SYNTHETIC
LOGIC. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Synthesis. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Self-Criticism. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Fairness. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
PART VI. FACTORIAL INDUCTION. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
50. ACTUAL
INDUCTION. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">The Problem.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Induction of
Particulars. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Generalization. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Particularization. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Validation.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
51. ELEMENTS AND
COMPOUNDS. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Elements and Compounds. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Gross Formulas. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Oppositions. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Double Syllogisms. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Complements. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
52. FRACTIONS AND
INTEGERS. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Fractions.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Double Syllogisms. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Integers.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Further Developments.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
53. FACTORIAL
ANALYSIS. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Factorization.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Applications.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Overlap Issues.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">More Factorial Formulas.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Open System Analysis.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
See also, in this context, Appendix 1.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
54. MODAL
INDUCTION. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Knowability.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Equality of Status.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Stages of Induction.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Generalization vs.
Particularization. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Paradigm of
Induction. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Pursuit of Integers.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
55. FACTOR
SELECTION. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Prediction.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Uniformity
Principle.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Law of
Generalization.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
56. APPLIED
FACTOR SELECTION. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Closed Systems Results. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Some Overall Comments.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Rules of Generalization.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Review of Valid Moods.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Open System Results.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
57. FORMULA
REVISION. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Context Changes.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Kinds of Revision.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Particularization.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
58. GROSS FORMULA
REVISION. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Amplification.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Harmonization.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Unequal Gross Formulas.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Equal Gross Formulas.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Applications. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
59. FACTORIAL
FORMULA REVISION. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Adding Fractions to
Integers. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Reconciliation of
Integers.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Indefinite Denial of
Integers.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Other Formula Revisions.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Revision of Deficient
Formulas.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
PART VII. PERSPECTIVES. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
60. PHENOMENA. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Empirical or
Hypothetical. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Physical or Mental. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Concrete and Abstract.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Presentative or
Representative.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
61. CONSCIOUSNESS
AND THE MIND. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">A Relation. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Kinds of Consciousness.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Mind.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Popular Psychology.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
62. PERCEPTION
AND RECOGNITION. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">The Immediacy of
Sense-Perception. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Logical Conditions of
Recognition. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Other Applications.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
63. PAST LOGIC. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Historical Judgment.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Aristotle, and Hellenic
Logic.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CH">Roman, Arab, Medieval European Logic.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CH">Oriental Logic.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Modern Tendencies.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">In The 20th Century.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
64. CRITIQUE OF
MODERN LOGIC. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Formalization and
Symbolization. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Systematization and
Axiomatization.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Modern Attitudes.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Improvements and
Innovations.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Cutting Edge.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
65. DEVELOPMENTS
IN TROPOLOGY. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Tropology. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Roots. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Shifts in Emphasis.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Setting the Stage.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Contemporary Currents.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Philosophical
Discussions.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
66. METALOGIC. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Language and Meaning.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Definition and Proof.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Infinity in Logic.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Conceptual Logic.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
67. INDUCTIVE
LOGIC. <o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Degrees of Being. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Induction from Logical
Possibility.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">History of Inductive
Logic.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
68. FUTURE LOGIC.
<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Summary of Findings.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Gaps to Fill.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Concluding Words. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
APPENDIX 1 - Factorial Analysis of Elements and Gross
Formulas (Open System). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
APPENDIX 2 - Redefining Majority and Minority in FL.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
REFERENCES<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Further Description<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The science of Logic stands at the interface between the two
main branches of Philosophy, namely Epistemology (the study of knowing) and
Ontology (the study of being). Its task is to determine precisely the way
people can and do get to know the world around them. Its role is both
descriptive and prescriptive. Its means include: observation of common
thought-processes and everyday language, analysis of recurring patterns and
components, and evaluation with reference to rational and empirical criteria.
Logic is thus a study of form, irrespective of content.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i>Future Logic</i></b> is an original, wide-ranging, profound and
timeless treatise of formal logic, intended for both the uninitiated and the
specialist.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What do we mean when we say that something is 'necessarily',
'actually' or 'possibly' so and so? These so-called 'modalities' are attributes
of relations, and they vary in meaning. For each category of modality (like
necessity or possibility), there are several types of modality (the natural,
the temporal, the extensional, the logical, and others), and each of these
modalities serves a distinct purpose, expressing some aspect of reality or the
state of our knowledge about it. Each category and type of modality has its own
peculiar logical properties, and a host of relations to the various others.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i>Future Logic</i></b> demonstrates the centrality of modal concepts in
human knowledge and in the processes leading to it. Starting with precise
definitions of the various categories and types of modality, it develops a
systematic study of reasoning processes involving them, which not only retraces
past achievements in the field but also enables a great many new discoveries.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Modality is significant not only in the study of categorical
propositions, but also in that of conditional propositions. There are as many
forms of conditioning as there are categories and types of modality; and while
some of their logical properties are similar, many are quite different. What
this means in practise, is that we cannot reason properly without awareness of
these differences. The study of conditioning is of fundamental importance to an
understanding of causal relations.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i>Future Logic</i></b> is <i>the first
work ever</i><b> to develop a thorough
formal study of the natural, temporal and extensional types of conditioning</b>
(as well as logical conditioning), including their production from modal
categorical premises.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Our knowledge of things is of very variable certainty: some
of it seems solidly established almost immediately and forever, some of it
requires a lot of work to acquire and seems tentative and open to revision.
This observation suggests a distinction between 'deductive' and 'inductive'
logic. Each of these fields comprises a multitude of specific processes, which
require detailed investigation. While deductive processes have traditionally
received much attention, logicians have done little formal work in relation to
inductive processes, apart from the crucial and relatively recent elucidation
of adduction (the processes of confirmation or elimination of hypotheses).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i>Future Logic</i></b> is <i>the first
work ever</i><b> to strictly formalize the
inductive processes of generalization and particularization</b>, through the
novel methods of factorial analysis, factor selection and formula revision.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Science (i.e. the special sciences) and logical philosophy
have throughout history fed off each other. The practises of scientists have
often caused theoretical reflections by logicians; indeed, many scientists were
themselves logicians. Likewise, the methodological principles clarified by
logicians have often facilitated and improved the work of scientists.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i>Future Logic</i> </b>is <b>a
revision of the 'scientific method'</b>, challenging scientists with new, more
rigorous methodological standards, but also providing them with finer cognitive
tools likely to greatly enrich science. (Hence, the book's title.)<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Reading Suggestions<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The most important discovery in <i>Future Logic</i> is <b>the
formalization of induction by generalization and particularization </b>(Part
VI, chapters 50-59 and the appendix).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
This work is crucial because it
frees formal logic, and therefore epistemology, from the oversimplification of
purely deductive approaches.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But to well understand this research, one ought to get
acquainted with the sections concerning <b>categorical
modal propositions</b> (Part II, chapters 11-17) <b>and conditional modal propositions</b> (Part IV, chapters 33-40).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
It would be useful, to conclude
this topic, to also read chapter 67.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The listed chapters would in themselves suffice, but it must
be stated that <i>Future Logic</i> addresses
the <b>epistemological context</b>, for I
understand the term "logic" in its broader sense.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
In this regard, I would like to
also recommend reading of chapters 2, 4, 20, 31, 60, 61, 62, 64 and 66.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
You will find a <b>summary</b>
of the book in chapter 68.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
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